Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi enhances salinity tolerance of Panicum turgidum Forssk by altering photosynthetic and antioxidant pathways

Figures & data

Figure 1. (a–i) Morphology of typical an intact crushed spores of AMF. (a, b, c) C. etunicatum (syn. G. etunicatum); (d, e, f) F. mosseae (syn. G. mosseae); (g, h, i), R. intraradices (syn. G. intraradices).

Figure 2. The colonization of AMF in the roots of P. turgidum. (a): vesicle (V) and spore (S) occurrence of the AMF-colonized root section, (b): Vesicles (V) formed in roots of P. turgidum, (c): Hyphae (H) and hyphal coils (HC) in roots of P. turgidum, (d): colonization of plant roots by AMF hyphae (H), vesicles (V) and spore density (S), (e): The root segments colonized by arbuscles (A), trank (T) and hyphae (H) of AMF, (f): Arbuscles (A), and hyphae (H) colonize the root.

Table 1. Effect of NaCl (250 mM) on total spores (spore/50 g soil) and structural colonization (%) of AMF in P. turgidum.

		Structural colonization (%)
Treatments	Total spores (spore/50 g soil)	Mycelia	Vesicles	Arbuscules
AMF	68	90.33	50	46
NaCl + AMF	27	20.66	31	19
LSD at: 0.05^a	9.8814	16.556	7.5186	6.4119

^aLeast significant difference. AMF – Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi.

Table 2. Effect of NaCl (250 mM) in presence and absence of AMF on photosynthetic pigment contents (mg/g fresh weight) in P. turgidum.

Treatments	Chlorophyll a	Chlorophyll b	a/b	Carotenoids	Total
Control	1.210	0.383	3.174	0.082	1.675
AMF	1.388	0.537	2.588	0.100	2.025
NaCl	0.893	0.197	4.538	0.040	1.13
NaCl + AMF	1.03	0.295	3.491	0.064	1.389
LSD at: 0.05^a	0.0652	0.0451	0.5002	0.011	0.0779

^aLeast significant difference. AMF – Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi.

Figure 3. (a)–(d). The effect of NaCl (250 mM) in presence and absence of AMF on (a) superoxide dismutase (SOD), (b) catalase (CAT), (c) peroxidase (POD) and (d) glutathione reductase (GR) (EU mg⁻¹ protein) activities in P. turgidum.

Figure 4. (a)–(f) Effect of NaCl (250 mM) in presence and absence of AMF on activities of carbon metabolizing enzymes (μmol/mg chlorophyll/min) in P. turgidum. (a) pyruvate orthophosphate dikinase; (b) phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase; (c) NADP-malate dehydrogenase; and (d) NAD-malate dehydrogenase; (e) NADP-malic enzyme and (f) Rubisco.

Table 3. Effect of NaCl (250 mM) in presence and absence of AMF on systemic resistance attributes [H₂O₂ (μMol/g fresh weight), MDA (nMol/g fresh weight), TP (mg/g fresh weight), GB (μMol/g fresh weight), and proline (μMol/g fresh weight) in P. turgidum.

Treatments	H2O2	MDA	TP	GB	Proline
Control	217.70	42.992	2.860	32.835	0.711
AMF	211.32	27.911	4.103	35.106	0.890
NaCl	388.53	74.117	5.319	45.953	1.725
NaCl + AMF	229.03	53.391	6.737	38.007	1.250
LSD at: 0.05^a	4.0754	0.5188	0.0872	0.8937	0.0485

^aLeast significant difference; AMF – Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi; H₂O₂ –Hydrogen peroxide; MDA –malondialdehyde; GB – glycine betaine; TP – Total phenol.

Table 4. Effect of NaCl (250 mM) in presence and absence of AMF on sugars content (mg glucose/g dry weight) in P. turgidum.

Treatments	MonoS	DiS	TSS	PolyS	TS
Control	27.12	11.35	38.47	167.33	205.81
AMF	19.95	16.19	36.15	212.34	248.5
NaCl	58.07	5.94	64.01	108.81	172.83
NaCl + AMF	36.70	8.13	44.83	137.39	182.22
LSD at: 0.05^a	2.6134	0.8921	3.1395	5.1197	5.0262

^aLeast significant difference; AMF – Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi; MonoS –Monosaccharides; DiS –Disaccharides; TSS – Total soluble sugars: PolyS – Polysaccharides; TS – Total sugars.

Table 5. Effect of NaCl (250 mM) in presence and absence of AMF on ion accumulation (mg/g dry weight) in P. turgidum.

Treatments	Na^+	K^+	Na/K	Ca^2+	p
Control	3.10	16.67	0.186	23.46	0.187
AMF	2.68	20.02	0.134	25.11	0.614
NaCl	4.83	9.93	0.486	19.13	0.089
NaCl + AMF	3.38	11.83	0.286	22.70	0.306
LSD at: 0.05^a	0.1335	0.5478	0.0153	0.4179	0.0218

^aLeast significant difference; AMF – Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi.