Magnesium Oxide nanoparticle effect on the growth, development, and microRNAs expression of Ananas comosus var. bracteatus

Figures & data

Figure 1. Plant materials of Ananas comosus var. bracteatus used in this study, (A) the base part of the tissue culture shoots used for callus induction, (B) callus with small shoots, and (C) shoot used for the experiment.

Table 1. List of miRNA used in the research.

MicroRNAs	Function (Stress Conditions)	Responds	Validated/putative targets	Plant species	Reference
miR-156	Heat/ Salt stress/ Drought stress	Down	Squamosa-promoter-binding protein TFs /SBP/SPL genes	Ananas comosus/ Arabidopsis	Yew and Kumar (2010); Wu and Poethig (2006); Arshad et al. (2018)
miR-157	Boron stress/ Drought stress	Down	SBP gene,	Arabidopsis/ Barley leaves	Wu et al. (2009); Ozhuner et al. (2013)
miR-159	Biotic defense/Copper stress	Up	GAMYBL1	Ananas comosus, Grapevine	Yew and Kumar (2010); Jiu et al. (2019)
miR-162	Heat stress responses/ Drought	Down	Endoribonuclease Dicer homolog 1(Dicer-like1)	Ananas comosus/ Arabidopsis	Yew and Kumar (2010); He et al. (2019)
miR-169	Oxidative stress/ Drought	Up	CBF/DREBs transcription factors (TFs) and Cytochrome C Oxidase Subunit 5B	Ananas comosus/ Arabidopsis	Moradi and Khalili (2018); Yew and Kumar (2010)
miR-172	Drought stress	Up	6 AP2-like gene	Ananas comosus/Zea mays/ Arabidopsis	Wu et al. (2009); Yew and Kumar (2010)
miR-396	Drought stress	Up	Rhodenase-like protein, kinesin-like protein B	Ananas comosus	Yew and Kumar (2010); Debernardi et al. (2012)
miR-397	Oxidative stress/salicylic acid/regulation of secondary cell wall	Up	Laccase	Arabidopsis/ Ananas comosus	Dong and Pei (2014); Avallone et al. (2003)
miR-398	Oxidative stress/Copper/Zinc/ Chilling effect	Up	Copper SOD enzyme, superoxide dismutase	Arabidopsis /Ananas comosus	Ding et al. (2010); Nukuntornprakit et al. (2015)

Figure 2. Effects of MgO NPs on the growth and development of Ananas comosus var. bracteatus. Different letters denote statistical significance within p-value <.05.

Figure 3. Effects of MgO NPs on the growth and development of Ananas comosus var. bracteatus. (A) Effect of the different MgO NPs concentrations on the chlorophyll content of leaves. (B) The phenotype of var. bracteatus plants with MgO NPs treatments. Error bars represent the standard deviation.

Figure 4. Microscopic observation images (cross-sections) of the Ananas comosus var. bracteatus leaves (A, B), stems (CD), and root (EF) exposed to 4 g/mL (T₃) (BDF) of MgONPs and Control (ACE). Scale bar ABCD=100 μm, EF = 50 μm.

Figure 5. Microscope detection of the accumulation of MgO NP in the leaf, stem, and root of Ananas comosus var. bracteatus. Leaves, stem, and root of control plants (ACE) and var. bracteatus under 4 g/mL MgO NP for six weeks (BDF). Bar: 100 μm.

Figure 6. Average fold changes in expression of stress, root hair and cell wall related genes in Ananas comosus var. bracteatus plants exposed to MgO NPs. Error bars represent standard errors.

Figure 7. Average miRNAs fold changes in expression in Ananas comosus var. bracteatus response to MgO NPs treatments (0/CTL, 1 g/mL/T1, 2 g/mL/T2, and 4 g/mL/T3). Values are mean of replicates with SD. Statistical significance is denoted by letters a–d. Changed in the letters denote statistical significance.

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