Allelopathic effect of Callistemon viminalis’s leaves extract on weeds, soil features, and growth performance of wheat and chickpea plants

Figures & data

Figure 1. Cicer arietinum and Triticum aestivum seeds treated with Callistemon viminalis aqueous extract (CVAE).

Figure 2. Triticum aestivum and Cicer arietinum plants treated with Callistemon viminalis aqueous extract (CVAE).

Figure 3. Anagallis arvensis and Lepidium didymum plants treated with Callistemon viminalis aqueous extract (CVAE).

Figure 4. Poa annua and Vicia sativa plants treated with Callistemon viminalis aqueous extract (CVAE).

Table 1. Standard range of Krishi Vigyan Kendra.

Parameters	Standard range
pH	6.5–8.2
Organic Carbon	0.5–0.75%
Total Nitrogen	240–480 Kg/ha
Available Phosphorus	28–56 Kg/ha
Available Potassium	140–280 Kg/ha
Calcium	3.36–6.72 Kg/ha
Magnesium	2.24–4.48 Kg/ha

Table 2. Number of germinated seeds, germination percentage, germination inhibition percentage, radicle and plumule length in two important crop plants (Cicer arietinum and Triticum aestivum) under control and treated situation. In treated condition different concentrations of Callistemon viminalis aqueous extract (CVAE) were used at different temperatures in the petri-dish experiment.

Parameters	Plant name	Treatments
		Control	2%	4%	6%	8%	10%
Germinated seeds (in number)	Cicer arietinum	10^a	9.67^b	9.33^c	8.33^d	7.33^e	8.33^d
	Triticum aestivum	10^a	10^a	7.67^b	6.33^c	6.33^c	0.33^d
Germination percentage	Cicer arietinum	100^a	96.7^b	93.3^c	83.3^d	73.3^e	83.3^d
	Triticum aestivum	100^a	100^a	76.7^b	63.3^c	63.3^c	3.3^d
Germination inhibition percentage	Cicer arietinum	0^a	3.3^b	6.7^c	16.7^d	26.7^e	16.7^d
	Triticum aestivum	0^a	0^a	23.3^b	36.7^c	36.7^c	96.7^d
Radicle length (in cm)	Cicer arietinum	17.53^a	16.40^b	17.03^ac	9.43^d	7.60^e	5.80^f
	Triticum aestivum	11.13^a	8.10^b	NG	NG	NG	NG
Plumule length (in cm)	Cicer arietinum	2.00^a	1.87^b	1.73^bc	0.73^d	1.00^e	1.10^ef
	Triticum aestivum	11.70^a	6.33^b	2.77^c	NG	NG	NG

*NG – No growth. Difference between the mean of each row superscripted by the same letter was not statistically significant (p < 0.05).

Figure 5. Inhibition percentage of Weed plants after the treatment of Callistemon viminalis aqueous extract.

Table 3. Shoot height, dry mass, photosynthetic pigments (Chlorophyll a, b, total chlorophyll, and carotenoids), net photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (gs), transpiration rate (E), and chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv/Fm) in two important crop plants (Cicer arietinum and Triticum aestivum) under control and treated situation. Values followed by the same letter indicate no significant differences at P < 0.05 level according to Tukey’s test. Each value represents the mean of five replicates.

Parameters	Plant name	Treatments
		Control	1%	2%	3%	4%	5%
Shoot height (cm)	Cicer arietinum	19.63^a	19.58^b	19.40^c	19.17^d	19.32^e	19.34^f
	Triticum aestivum	14.83^a	14.84^ab	14.78^c	14.77^cd	14.60^e	14.33^f
Total plant dry mass (gm)	Cicer arietinum	1.4^a	1.2^b	1.1^bc	1.0^cd	0.8^e	0.8^e
	Triticum aestivum	1.2^a	1.1^ab	1.0^bc	0.9^cd	0.8^de	0.8^de
Chl a (mg g^−1 FW)	Cicer arietinum	6.766^a	6.787^b	6.762^ac	6.699^d	6.697^de	6.614^f
	Triticum aestivum	1.810^a	1.985^b	1.976^bc	1.982^bcd	1.960^ce	1.971^cef
Chl b (mg g^−1 FW)	Cicer arietinum	3.526^a	3.452^b	3.352^c	3.266^d	3.179^e	3.166^f
	Triticum aestivum	5.071^a	3.473^b	3.345^c	3.189^d	3.066^e	2.974^f
Total Chl (mg g^−1 FW)	Cicer arietinum	18.493^a	18.493^a	18.116^b	18.058^c	17.884^d	17.797^e
	Triticum aestivum	7.652^a	5.710^b	5.681^c	5.594^d	5.478^e	4.841^f
Car (mg g^−1 FW)	Cicer arietinum	2.127^a	2.153^b	2.191^c	2.229^d	2.261^e	2.262^ef
	Triticum aestivum	1.463^a	2.137^b	2.182^c	2.239^d	2.292^e	2.316^f
Pn (µmol m^−2 s^−1)	Cicer arietinum	30.00^a	30.98^b	30.49^ac	29.72^d	29.56^de	29.44^def
	Triticum aestivum	18.32^a	18.91^b	18.83^bc	18.47^ad	17.99^e	17.85^ef
gs (mol m^−2 s-1)	Cicer arietinum	0.27^a	0.26^ab	0.24^c	0.23^cd	0.21^e	0.20^ef
	Triticum aestivum	0.28^a	0.26^b	0.27^bc	0.25^d	0.24^de	0.21^f
E (mmol m^−2 s^−1)	Cicer arietinum	5.78^a	5.79^ab	5.78^a	5.74^c	5.71^d	5.69^e
	Triticum aestivum	5.01^a	4.98^b	4.97^bc	4.95^d	4.92^e	4.89^f
Fv/Fm	Cicer arietinum	0.791^a	0.789^ab	0.788^abc	0.786^abcd	0.785^abcde	0.786^abcd
	Triticum aestivum	0.825^a	0.824^ab	0.822^c	0.823^bcd	0.822^c	0.821^ce

Difference between the mean of each row superscripted by the same letter was not statistically significant (p < 0.05).

Table 4. Content of proline, and soluble protein in two important crop plants (Cicer arietinum and Triticum aestivum) under control and treated situation. Values followed by the same letter indicate no significant differences at P < 0.05 level according to Tukey’s test. Each value represents the mean of five replicates.

Biochemical features	Plant name	Treatments
		Control	1%	2%	3%	4%	5%
Proline (µ mol g^−1 FW)	Cicer arietinum	1.11^a	1.09^b	1.08^bc	1.06^d	1.04^e	1.01^f
	Triticum aestivum	1.18^a	1.18^a	1.17^ab	1.15^bc	1.14^cd	1.13^de
Soluble Protein (mg g^−1 DW)	Cicer arietinum	56.39^a	56.38^ab	56.36^c	56.35^cd	56.34^de	56.31^f
	Triticum aestivum	45.63^a	45.63^a	45.62^ab	45.60^c	45.58^d	45.57^de

Difference between the mean of each row superscripted by the same letter was not statistically significant (p < 0.05).

Table 5. Antioxidant enzymes activities in two important crop plants (Cicer arietinum and Triticum aestivum) under control and treated situation. Values followed by the same letter indicate no significant differences at P < 0.05 level according to Tukey’s test. Each value represents the mean of five replicates.

Biochemical features	Plant name	Treatments
		Control	1%	2%	3%	4%	5%
SOD (Uμg^–1 protein)	Cicer arietinum	1.04^a	1.03^ab	1.01^c	0.99^d	0.98^de	0.96^f
	Triticum aestivum	1.06^a	1.07^ab	1.05^ac	1.03^d	1.04^de	1.01^f
PER (Uμg^–1 protein)	Cicer arietinum	0.39^a	0.39^a	0.38^ab	0.37^bc	0.36^cd	0.34^e
	Triticum aestivum	0.18^a	0.18^a	0.17^ab	0.15^c	0.14^cd	0.11^e
CAT (Uμg^–1 protein)	Cicer arietinum	0.30^a	0.30^a	0.29^ab	0.28^bc	0.27^cd	0.29^ab
	Triticum aestivum	0.306^a	0.306^a	0.305^ab	0.303^c	0.299^d	0.296^e

Difference between the mean of each row superscripted by the same letter was not statistically significant (p < 0.05).

Figure 6. HPTLC analysis graph of Callistemon viminallis aqueous extract.

Table 6. The impact of Callistemon viminalis extract on physical parameters of Loam soil.

Plant name	Type of plant	Treatment	pH	Moisture Content (%)	Water holding capacity (%)
Cicer arietinum	Crop	Control	7.23 ± 0.07	17.10 ± 0.26	46.41 ± 0.04
		1%	7.30 ± 0.06	17.13 ± 0.17	47.36 ± 0.07
		2%	7.27 ± 0.12	16.93 ± 0.24	47.28 ± 0.05
		3%	7.30 ± 0.12	16.83 ± 0.15	47.44 ± 0.04
		4%	7.33 ± 0.09	17.13 ± 0.27	47.27 ± 0.06
		5%	7.30 ± 0.00	17.07 ± 0.23	47.33 ± 0.06
Triticum aestivum	Crop	Control	7.21 ± 0.07	17.15 ± 0.26	46.44 ± 0.04
		1%	7.30 ± 0.06	17.03 ± 0.09	46.35 ± 0.05
		2%	7.43 ± 0.07	16.83 ± 0.15	46.32 ± 0.03
		3%	7.30 ± 0.12	16.97 ± 0.23	46.49 ± 0.10
		4%	7.37 ± 0.03	16.87 ± 0.27	46.31 ± 0.07
		5%	7.33 ± 0.09	17.20 ± 0.21	46.26 ± 0.06
Anagallis arvensis	Weed	Control	7.21 ± 0.07	17.10 ± 0.26	46.41 ± 0.04
		1%	7.37 ± 0.07	16.87 ± 0.22	46.32 ± 0.03
		2%	7.27 ± 0.12	17.03 ± 0.19	46.35 ± 0.06
		3%	7.30 ± 0.10	17.07 ± 0.22	46.31 ± 0.02
		4%	7.27 ± 0.03	17.10 ± 0.21	46.41 ± 0.12
		5%	7.30 ± 0.12	16.87 ± 0.27	46.28 ± 0.07
Lepidium didymum	Weed	Control	7.26 ± 0.07	17.11 ± 0.26	46.39 ± 0.04
		1%	7.27 ± 0.12	17.07 ± 0.24	47.34 ± 0.08
		2%	7.20 ± 0.06	17.03 ± 0.19	47.37 ± 0.10
		3%	7.23 ± 0.07	17.17 ± 0.28	47.34 ± 0.06
		4%	7.33 ± 0.03	17.03 ± 0.19	47.28 ± 0.05
		5%	7.30 ± 0.06	17.13 ± 0.12	47.20 ± 0.03
Poa annua	Weed	Control	7.24 ± 0.07	17.09 ± 0.26	46.40 ± 0.04
		1%	7.33 ± 0.09	17.03 ± 0.20	47.30 ± 0.11
		2%	7.27 ± 0.03	16.87 ± 0.27	47.38 ± 0.09
		3%	7.33 ± 0.09	17.03 ± 0.15	47.36 ± 0.08
		4%	7.27 ± 0.09	17.10 ± 0.26	47.45 ± 0.04
		5%	7.30 ± 0.06	17.03 ± 0.19	47.27 ± 0.05
Vicia sativa	Weed	Control	7.20 ± 0.07	17.12 ± 0.26	46.43 ± 0.04
		1%	7.20 ± 0.06	17.07 ± 0.18	46.38 ± 0.06
		2%	7.20 ± 0.06	16.97 ± 0.23	46.43 ± 0.08
		3%	7.40 ± 0.06	17.17 ± 0.20	46.41 ± 0.08
		4%	7.30 ± 0.12	16.93 ± 0.12	46.33 ± 0.10
		5%	7.33 ± 0.09	16.90 ± 0.21	46.37 ± 0.08
P value			0.802	0.999	0.107
S/NS			NS	NS	NS

Table 7. The impact of Callistemon viminalis extract on chemical parameters of soil.

Plant name	Type of plant	Treatment	TOC (%)	OM (%)	TN (kg/ha)	AP (kg/ha)	K (kg/ha)	Ca (kg/ha)	Mg (kg/ha)
Cicer arietinum	Crop	Control	0.52 ± 0.00	0.88 ± 0.00	334.28 ± 7.11	43.16 ± 0.37	171.32 ± 0.36	6.43 ± 0.00	2.36 ± 0.00
		1%	0.51 ± 0.00	0.89 ± 0.00	332.42 ± 7.24	44.05 ± 0.19	172.03 ± 0.22	6.05 ± 0.00	2.02 ± 0.00
		2%	0.52 ± 0.00	0.89 ± 0.00	334.51 ± 2.09	45.36 ± 0.32	171.92 ± 0.22	5.04 ± 0.00	2.21 ± 0.01
		3%	0.52 ± 0.00	0.89 ± 0.00	336.60 ± 5.53	42.93 ± 0.37	172.22 ± 0.36	6.29 ± 0.01	2.99 ± 0.00
		4%	0.52 ± 0.00	0.89 ± 0.00	344.96 ± 3.62	44.99 ± 0.19	172.07 ± 0.38	5.93 ± 0.00	2.06 ± 0.00
		5%	0.52 ± 0.00	0.89 ± 0.00	342.87 ± 5.53	42.75 ± 0.37	172.41 ± 0.07	6.41 ± 0.01	2.39 ± 0.00
Triticum aestivum	Crop	Control	0.54 ± 0.00	0.86 ± 0.00	336.24 ± 9.11	43.18 ± 0.37	172.20 ± 0.36	6.55 ± 0.00	2.96 ± 0.00
		1%	0.52 ± 0.00	0.89 ± 0.00	338.69 ± 7.24	43.49 ± 0.49	171.70 ± 0.11	6.57 ± 0.00	2.29 ± 0.00
		2%	0.51 ± 0.00	0.88 ± 0.00	344.96 ± 3.62	42.93 ± 0.49	171.99 ± 0.36	6.59 ± 0.00	3.56 ± 0.00
		3%	0.51 ± 0.00	0.88 ± 0.00	340.78 ± 5.53	45.36 ± 0.32	171.92 ± 0.22	5.73 ± 0.00	2.42 ± 0.00
		4%	0.51 ± 0.00	0.89 ± 0.00	330.33 ± 9.11	42.37 ± 0.37	172.33 ± 0.13	6.36 ± 0.00	2.99 ± 0.00
		5%	0.51 ± 0.00	0.89 ± 0.00	332.42 ± 9.58	45.17 ± 0.19	172.26 ± 0.36	6.57 ± 0.00	2.06 ± 0.00
Anagallis arvensis	Weed	Control	0.52 ± 0.00	0.89 ± 0.00	336.60 ± 9.11	43.31 ± 0.37	172.22 ± 0.36	6.53 ± 0.01	2.96 ± 0.00
		1%	0.51 ± 0.00	0.89 ± 0.00	336.60 ± 7.54	42.75 ± 0.49	171.88 ± 0.19	6.57 ± 0.00	2.47 ± 0.01
		2%	0.51 ± 0.00	0.89 ± 0.00	336.60 ± 2.09	43.31 ± 0.67	172.29 ± 0.33	6.57 ± 0.00	2.24 ± 0.00
		3%	0.51 ± 0.00	0.88 ± 0.00	340.78 ± 7.54	44.99 ± 0.67	171.77 ± 0.24	6.41 ± 0.01	2.74 ± 0.00
		4%	0.52 ± 0.00	0.89 ± 0.00	319.87 ± 7.24	46.67 ± 0.19	171.96 ± 0.20	6.56 ± 0.00	2.47 ± 0.00
		5%	0.51 ± 0.00	0.89 ± 0.00	332.42 ± 7.24	46.48 ± 0.65	171.96 ± 0.33	6.44 ± 0.00	2.74 ± 0.00
Lepidium didymum	Weed	Control	0.54 ± 0.00	0.88 ± 0.00	336.66 ± 9.11	43.35 ± 0.37	171.25 ± 0.36	6.55 ± 0.00	2.56 ± 0.00
		1%	0.51 ± 0.00	0.88 ± 0.00	334.51 ± 7.54	46.85 ± 0.49	172.78 ± 0.10	6.47 ± 0.00	2.47 ± 0.00
		2%	0.51 ± 0.00	0.88 ± 0.00	336.60 ± 4.18	42.75 ± 0.19	171.96 ± 0.32	5.99 ± 0.00	2.29 ± 0.00
		3%	0.51 ± 0.00	0.89 ± 0.00	324.05 ± 11.06	43.31 ± 0.19	172.22 ± 0.27	6.45 ± 0.01	2.26 ± 0.00
		4%	0.51 ± 0.00	0.89 ± 0.00	321.96 ± 2.09	45.73 ± 0.19	171.96 ± 0.33	6.49 ± 0.00	2.96 ± 0.00
		5%	0.52 ± 0.00	0.89 ± 0.00	321.96 ± 5.53	46.48 ± 0.32	172.48 ± 0.45	6.33 ± 0.00	2.58 ± 0.00
Poa annua	Weed	Control	0.53 ± 0.00	0.90 ± 0.00	335.26 ± 9.11	42.21 ± 0.37	170.12 ± 0.36	6.33 ± 0.00	2.52 ± 0.00
		1%	0.51 ± 0.00	0.88 ± 0.00	344.96 ± 0.00	43.87 ± 0.49	171.62 ± 0.10	6.41 ± 0.00	2.41 ± 0.00
		2%	0.51 ± 0.00	0.88 ± 0.00	321.96 ± 2.09	46.67 ± 0.19	171.99 ± 0.33	6.33 ± 0.01	2.84 ± 0.00
		3%	0.52 ± 0.00	0.89 ± 0.00	336.60 ± 9.11	44.43 ± 0.49	171.88 ± 0.24	6.24 ± 0.01	2.48 ± 0.00
		4%	0.52 ± 0.00	0.89 ± 0.00	332.42 ± 13.06	44.61 ± 0.67	171.96 ± 0.33	6.53 ± 0.00	2.91 ± 0.01
		5%	0.52 ± 0.00	0.89 ± 0.00	336.60 ± 7.54	46.67 ± 0.49	171.85 ± 0.32	6.47 ± 0.00	2.41 ± 0.01
Vicia sativa	Weed	Control	0.54 ± 0.00	0.85 ± 0.00	331.55 ± 9.11	44.15 ± 0.37	171.43 ± 0.36	6.34 ± 0.00	2.72 ± 0.00
		1%	0.51 ± 0.00	0.89 ± 0.00	334.51 ± 2.09	44.05 ± 0.19	172.26 ± 0.40	6.44 ± 0.00	2.17 ± 0.00
		2%	0.51 ± 0.00	0.89 ± 0.00	342.87 ± 5.53	45.55 ± 0.67	172.22 ± 0.36	6.53 ± 0.00	2.91 ± 0.00
		3%	0.52 ± 0.00	0.89 ± 0.00	338.69 ± 6.27	45.55 ± 1.31	172.03 ± 0.39	6.36 ± 0.00	2.21 ± 0.00
		4%	0.52 ± 0.00	0.89 ± 0.00	326.14 ± 6.27	47.04 ± 0.32	171.85 ± 0.26	6.53 ± 0.00	2.74 ± 0.00
		5%	0.52 ± 0.00	0.89 ± 0.00	321.96 ± 9.11	45.92 ± 0.56	172.70 ± 0.23	6.34 ± 0.00	2.24 ± 0.00
P value			0.00	0.00	0.308	0.308	0.308	0.308	0.308
S/NS			S	S	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS