Isoprene emission by plants in polluted environments

Figures & data

Table 1. Air pollutant feedback on isoprene emission and possible induction or repression factors.

Plant Material	Air Pollutant	Level	Feedback on isoprene emission	Induction-repression factors	Reference
Populus alba	O3	Leaf level	+	Increased IspS expression and activity	(Fares et al. 2006)
Populus deltoides	O3	Leaf level	–	Reduced photosynthesis	(Yuan et al. 2016)
Populus deltoides	O3	Canopy level	–	Decrease IspS activity and DMADP content, reduced stomatal conductance	(Li et al. 2023)
Populus tremuloides	O3	Canopy level	–	Reduced IspS activity and expression	(Calfapietra et al. 2007)
Populus tremula × tremuloides	O3	Leaf and canopy level	=	Unknown	(Blande et al. 2007)
Populus tremuloides	O3	Canopy level	=	Reduced DMADP	(Calfapietra et al. 2008)
Populus nigra	O3	Leaf level	–	Decreased photosynthesis	(Fares et al. 2010)
Populus cathayana	O3	Leaf level	–	Decreased photosynthetic parameters	(Yuan et al. 2017b)
Populus euroamericana	O3	Leaf level and canopy level	–	Decrease plant metabolism, like chlorophyll	(Yuan et al. 2017a)
Populus deltoides	CO2	Leaf and canopy level	–	Pyruvate reduction	(Rosenstiel et al. 2003)
Populus tremuloides	CO2	Leaf level	–	Phosphate imbalance and high CO2-substrate availability	(Monson and Fall 1989)
Populus tremuloides	CO2	Canopy level	=	No trend in IspS activity and gene expression	(Calfapietra et al. 2007)
Populus deltoides	CO2	Canopy level	–	Reduced isoprene fluxes	(Pegoraro et al. 2005)
Populus alba	CO2	Canopy level	= (trend to –)	Competition for the substrate with respiration	(Loreto et al. 2007)
Populus canescens	CO2	Leaf level	=	Carbon utilization	(Trowbridge et al. 2012)
Populus deltoides	CO2	Leaf level	–	Competition of pyruvate	(Wilkinson et al. 2009)
Populus tremuloides	CO2	Leaf level	–	Competition of pyruvate	(Wilkinson et al. 2009)
Populus tremuloides	CO2	Leaf level	–	Decrease metabolic response	(Sharkey et al. 1991)
Populus tremula × tremuloides	CO2	Leaf level	+	Combination of DMADP pool and IspS activity	(Sun et al. 2012)
Populus tremula × tremuloides	CO2	Canopy level	+	Increase leaf area production	(Sun et al. 2013)
Populus canadensis	UV-a	Leaf level	+	High photosynthesis	(Pallozzi et al. 2013b)
Populus canadensis	UV-b	Leaf level	–	Reduced ATP and NADPH	(Pallozzi et al. 2013a)
Populus canescens	UV-b	Leaf level	–	Metabolome adjustment	(Kaling et al. 2015)
Populus tremula	UV-b	Leaf level	–	Metabolome adjustment	(Kaling et al. 2015)
Quercus pubescens	O3	Leaf level	– (+ after recovery)	Inhibition of photosynthetic intermediates (long term)	(Velikova et al. 2005b)
Quercus mongolica	O3	Canopy level	–	Decrease IspS activity and DMADP content, reduced stomatal conductance	(Li et al. 2023)
Quercus rubra	CO2	Leaf level	–	Low ATP levels	(Loreto and Sharkey 1990)
Quercus rubra	CO2	Leaf level	+	Increase Metabolic response	(Sharkey et al. 1991)
Quercus pubescens	CO2	Leaf level	+	Response to energy /power excess	(Tognetti et al. 1998)
Quercus gambelii	UV-b	Leaf level	+	Increased leaf area	(Harley et al. 1996)
Salix matsudana,	O3	Canopy level	–	Decrease IspS activity and DMADP content, reduced stomatal conductance	(Li et al. 2023)
Sphagnum papillosum	O3	Leaf level	=	Warm weather	(Tiiva et al. 2007b)
Picea abies	O3	Canopy level	–	Stimulation of monoterpenes rather than isoprene	(Yu and Blande 2021)
Picea abies	O3	Canopy level/intracellular	–	Stomatal conductance	(Yu and Blande 2022)
Phragmites australis	O3	Leaf level	+	Oxidative stress	(Velikova et al. 2005a)
Phragmites australis	CO2	Canopy level	–	Nitrogen reduction	(Scholefield et al. 2004)
Acacia nigrescens	CO2	Canopy and Leaf level	–	Reduced DMADP level and IspS activity	(Possell and Hewitt 2011)
Eucalyptus globulus	CO2	Leaf level	–	Competition of pyruvate	(Wilkinson et al. 2009)
Liquidambar styraciflua	CO2	Leaf level	–	Competition of pyruvate	(Wilkinson et al. 2009)
Ginko biloba	O3	Leaf level	+	Season variability	(Li et al. 2009)
Ginko biloba	CO2	Branch level	+	Induced (Response to stress)	(Li et al. 2009)
Subartic fen (mostly Warnstorfia exannulata)	UV-b	Leaf level	=	No change in Net ecosystem CO2 exchange (NEE)	(Faubert et al. 2010)
Subartic fen (mostly Warnstorfia exannulata)	UV-b	Leaf level	+	Changes in C assimilation	(Tiiva et al. 2007a)
Mucuna pruriens	UV-b	Leaf level	=	No change leaf area	(Harley et al. 1996)
Nicotiana tabacum	UV-b	Leaf level	= (Trend to –)	Lack of physiological flexibility	(Centritto et al. 2014)

Positive or negative feedback (+/−) refers to the direct effects of pollutants on the isoprene emission capacity while = indicates no change.

Table 2. Feedback of soil pollutants on isoprene emission and possible repression and induction factors.

Plant Material	Soil pollutant	Level	Feedback on isoprene emission	Induction-repression factors	Reference
Populus nigra	Ni(NO3)2	Leaf level	+	Increase photosynthetic carbon budget	(Velikova et al. 2011b)
Populus cathayana	N	Leaf level	+	More carbon allocation for isoprene	(Yuan et al. 2017b)
Populus canescens	NaCl	Leaf level	=	Higher cytosolic DMADP contrasts the reduced chloroplastic DMADP	(Behnke et al. 2013)
Populus euphratica	NaCl	Leaf level	=	Higher cytosolic DMADP contrasts the reduced chloroplastic DMADP	(Behnke et al. 2013)
Populus canescens	NaCl	Leaf level	=	No trend in isoprene enzyme activity	(Teuber et al. 2008)
Tetradenia riparia	ZnSO4	Leaf level	+	Adaptive response	(Bibbiani et al. 2018)
Quercus alba	N	Leaf level	+	Higher Leaf N and IspS activity	(Litvak et al. 1996)
Phragmites australis	P	Leaf level	−	Unknown	(Fares et al. 2008)
Arundo donax	P	Leaf level	−	Competition for Pi-rich intermediates or feedback inhibition induced by accumulation of starch	(Cocozza et al. 2019)
Arundo donax	NaCl	Leaf level	=	Competition for Pi-rich intermediates or feedback inhibition induced by accumulation of starch	(Cocozza et al. 2019)
Arundo donax	NaCl	Leaf level	+	Fueled by extra-chloroplastic carbon source	(Cocozza et al. 2020)
Arundo Donax	NaCl	Leaf level	=	Possible activation of secondary metabolism for feeding isoprene pathway	(Pollastri et al. 2018)
Eucalyptus globulus	NaCl	Leaf level	=	IspS activation stable	(Loreto and Delfine 2000)

Positive or negative feedback (+/−) refers to the direct effects of pollutants on the isoprene emission capacity while = indicates no change.

Figure 1. Dynamic of plant isoprene emission and settlement of alien isoprene-emitting species induced by anthropogenic processes determining environmental stresses or by climate change. Positive or negative feedback (+/−) refers to the direct effects of pollutants on the isoprene emission capacity. ↑ represents the direct effects of anthropogenic processes and climate change on the increasing of air and soil determinants and settlement of new isoprene emitter species. Figure was created with BioRender.com.

Figure 2. Soil pollutants effects on root ROS generation and root-related BVOCs and the communication plant-plant and plant-microbiome through the soil. + or – refers to the direct effect of isoprene or BVOCs while ↑ to the direct effects of soil pollution. Only for this purpose we refer to BVOCs only for unclear evidence of isoprene belowground communication. Figure was created with BioRender.com.

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