Relationship of health locus of control with specific health behaviours and global health appraisal: a meta-analysis and effects of moderators

Figures & data

Table 1. Summary of tests examining the direction and magnitude of the HLOC-specific health behaviour relationships.

	Exercise			Diet			Smoking			Alcohol consumption
	I-HLOC	P-HLOC	C-HLOC	I-HLOC	P-HLOC	C-HLOC	I-HLOC	P-HLOC	C-HLOC	I-HLOC	P-HLOC	C-HLOC
	Main-effects analysis
Averaged r	.0984	.0446	.0030	.0790	.0174	−.0744	−.0138	.0133	.0793	−.0141	−.0544	.0343
Lower 95% CI	.0587	−.0320	−.0571	.0393	−.0467	−.1268	−.0560	−.0135	.0401	−.0525	−.0956	−.0035
Upper 95% CI	.1381	.1212	.0632	.1188	.0815	−.0221	.0285	.0400	.1186	.0242	−.0132	.0720
k	57	46	49	66	48	53	36	25	28	24	18	19
	Tests for Heterogeneity
Q	217.21	1067.99	342.46	223.79	274.13	191.69	306.80	104.68	606.79	75.04	81.14	108.09
df	56	45	48	65	47	52	35	24	27	23	17	18
p	<.001	<.001	<.001	<.001	<.001	<.001	<.001	<.001	<.001	<.001	<.001	<.001
	N/A	.0000	.0027	.0009	.0402	.0006	N/A	.0014	N/A	.0005	.0002	.0017
	.0133	.0488	.0275	.0086	N/A	.0147	.0091	.0002	.0054	.0033	.0032	.0014
	.0000	.0000	.0835	.0839	.9768	.0374	.0000	.6185	.0000	.1099	.0521	.4716
	.8845	.9702	.8657	.8099	.0000	.9018	.9155	.0823	.8902	.7414	.8154	.3780

Notes: C = chance dimension; CI = confidence interval; HLOC = health locus of control; I = internality dimension; and : percentage of between-study variation to total variation due to level 2 (multiple measures) and level 3 (studies), respectively; k: number of effect sizes; N/A = not applicable (cannot be computed or analysed); P = powerful others dimension; and : between-studies heterogeneity variance due to level 2 (multiple measures) and level 3 (studies), respectively.

Table 2. Summary of tests examining the direction and magnitude of the HLOC-global health appraisal relationships.

	MQOL			PQOL			Depression			Anxiety
	I-HLOC	P-HLOC	C-HLOC	I-HLOC	P-HLOC	C-HLOC	I-HLOC	P-HLOC	C-HLOC	I-HLOC	P-HLOC	C-HLOC
	Main-effects analysis
Averaged r	.1087	−.0152	−.1643	.1079	−.0838	−.1354	−.1207	.0790	.2146	−.0730	.1164	.1600
Lower 95% CI	.0349	−.0811	−.2449	.0311	−.1400	−.2036	−.1700	.0265	.1729	−.1331	.0575	.1082
Upper 95% CI	.1826	.0507	−.0838	.1847	−.0277	−.0671	−.0714	.1315	.2563	−.0128	.1752	.2118
k	40	41	29	52	45	45	54	47	47	39	36	34
	Tests for heterogeneity
Q	120.55	72.44	67.47	185.66	91.94	123.14	153.51	141.25	115.67	159.74	133.75	106.71
df	39	40	28	51	44	44	53	46	46	38	35	33
p	<.001	.0013	<.001	<.001	<.001	<.001	<.001	<.001	<.001	<.001	<.001	<.001
	.0004	.0000	.0000	.0004	.0014	.0019	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	.0003	.0145
	.0217	.0148	.0182	.0246	.0084	.0144	.0186	.0190	.0082	.0229	.0191	N/A
	.0116	.0000	.0000	.0112	.0774	.0767	.0000	.0000	.0000	.0000	.0116	.7153
	.6900	.5900	.6773	.7302	.4669	.5915	.6730	.6941	.4994	.7829	.7481	.0000

Notes: C = chance dimension; CI = confidence interval; HLOC = health locus of control; I = internality dimension; and : percentage of between-study variation to total variation due to level 2 (multiple measures) and level 3 (studies), respectively; k: number of effect sizes; N/A = not applicable (cannot be computed or analysed); MQOL = mental quality of life; P = powerful others dimension; PQOL = physical quality of life; and : between-studies heterogeneity variance due to level 2 (multiple measures) and level 3 (studies), respectively.

Table 3. Summary of moderator analyses for the HLOC-specific health behaviour relationships.

	Exercise			Diet			Smoking			Alcohol consumption
	I-HLOC	P-HLOC	C-HLOC	I-HLOC	P-HLOC	C-HLOC	I-HLOC	P-HLOC	C-HLOC	I-HLOC	P-HLOC	C-HLOC
	Moderator: gender composition (proportion of female participants)
b	0.1409	0.4427	0.2377	0.1631	−0.0903	−0.2053	0.0992	0.0770	−0.0170	−0.0298	N/A	−0.0186
SE	0.1059	0.2063	0.1680	0.0820	0.1215	0.1025	0.0848	0.0940	0.1252	0.0243	N/A	0.0478
p	.1835	.0318	.1571	.0465	.4571	.0451	.2419	.4125	.8923	.2194	N/A	.6974
	N/A	N/A	.0000	.0161	.0121	.0000	N/A	.0000	N/A	.4330	N/A	.0000
	.0553	.1558	.0857	.1889	N/A	.2182	.0968	.1647	.0024	.0000	N/A	N/A
k	55	44	47	63	45	50	35	24	27	23	N/A	18
	Moderator: age composition (mean age of participants)
b	−0.0009	0.0065	0.0038	−0.0004	−0.0003	0.0012	0.0036	N/A	0.0010	N/A	N/A	N/A
SE	0.0014	0.0024	0.0020	0.0011	0.0019	0.0018	0.0024	N/A	0.0023	N/A	N/A	N/A
p	.5059	.0068	.0624	.6874	.8650	.4896	.1316	N/A	.6778	N/A	N/A	N/A
	N/A	N/A	.0000	.0049	.0008	.0000	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
	.0153	.2181	.1180	.0000	N/A	.0086	.0000	N/A	.0000	N/A	N/A	N/A
k	48	41	43	52	43	44	23	N/A	18	N/A	N/A	N/A
	Moderator: individualism
b	−0.0009	−0.0031	−0.0003	−0.0016	−0.0012	0.0000	N/A	0.0004	0.0017	0.0011	N/A	0.0007
SE	0.0010	0.0015	0.0010	0.0008	0.0017	0.0013	N/A	0.0008	0.0011	0.0008	N/A	0.0008
p	.3519	.0349	.7461	.0483	.4911	.9968	N/A	.6022	.1348	.1837	N/A	.3512
	N/A	N/A	.0000	.0000	.0104	.0008	N/A	.0000	N/A	.0281	N/A	.0000
	.0123	.1128	.0000	.1722	N/A	.0000	N/A	.9242	.1679	.2421	N/A	N/A
k	52	42	45	57	41	46	N/A	24	27	23	N/A	18
	Moderator: Power Distance
b	0.0001	0.0058	0.0015	0.0008	0.0052	0.0022	−0.0025	N/A	−0.0048	−0.0015	N/A	0.0000
SE	0.0013	0.0017	0.0011	0.0012	0.0027	0.0018	0.0011	N/A	0.0027	0.0011	N/A	0.0010
p	.9199	.0009	.1875	.5148	.0514	.2099	.0261	N/A	.0743	.1481	N/A	.9745
	N/A	N/A	.0056	.0000	.1055	.1279	N/A	N/A	N/A	.0268	N/A	.0000
	.0000	.2922	.1135	.0106	N/A	.0000	.2368	N/A	.2315	.2645	N/A	N/A
k	52	42	45	57	41	46	35	N/A	27	23	N/A	18

Notes: C = chance dimension; HLOC = health locus of control; I = internality dimension; k: number of effect sizes; N/A = not applicable (cannot be computed or analysed); P = powerful others dimension; and : explained variances on the level 2 (multiple measures) and level 3 (studies) heterogeneity variances, respectively.

Table 4. Summary of moderator analyses for the HLOC-global health appraisal links.

	MQOL			PQOL			Depression			Anxiety
	I-HLOC	P-HLOC	C-HLOC	I-HLOC	P-HLOC	C-HLOC	I-HLOC	P-HLOC	C-HLOC	I-HLOC	P-HLOC	C-HLOC
	Moderator: gender composition (proportion of female participants)
b	0.0205	0.1255	0.2281	0.0709	0.0689	−0.1095	0.1424	−0.0115	−0.0447	0.2310	−0.0426	−0.1207
SE	0.1487	0.1110	0.1906	0.1382	0.1132	0.1516	0.0722	0.0794	0.0652	0.0901	0.0950	0.0774
p	.8904	.2583	.2314	.6082	.5428	.4701	.0485	.8848	.4928	.0103	.6542	.1191
	.0000	N/A	N/A	.0000	.0674	.0162	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	.0717
	.0052	.0565	.0898	.0236	.0000	.0291	.1476	.0000	.0323	.2209	.0000	N/A
k	40	41	29	52	45	45	54	47	47	38	36	34
	Moderator: age composition (mean age of participants)
b	0.0052	−0.0002	0.0005	0.0052	−0.0016	0.0040	−0.0021	−0.0023	−0.0009	−0.0025	−0.0035	−0.0019
SE	0.0027	0.0024	0.0030	0.0029	0.0018	0.0026	0.0023	0.0025	0.0019	0.0021	0.0020	0.0018
p	.0561	.9309	.8666	.0749	.3679	.1155	.3412	.3552	.6231	.2472	.0790	.3066
	.0000	N/A	N/A	.0000	.0000	.0587	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	.0445
	.2565	.0024	.0088	.1904	.2461	.1130	.0543	.0253	.0000	.0593	.0783	N/A
k	38	31	27	50	43	43	50	43	43	35	32	30
	Moderator: individualism
b	0.0044	−0.0003	0.0025	0.0030	0.0004	0.0028	0.0027	−0.0007	−0.0009	−0.0019	0.0005	0.0000
SE	0.0012	0.0012	0.0015	0.0015	0.0012	0.0013	0.0017	0.0020	0.0016	0.0012	0.0012	0.0010
p	.0002	.7980	.0978	.0488	.7564	.0340	.1165	.7249	.5871	.1095	.6894	.9701
	.0000	N/A	N/A	.0000	.0509	.0546	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	.0000
	.6190	.0131	.2925	.2668	.0000	.2839	.0843	.0000	.0000	.1128	.0144	N/A
k	39	40	28	51	43	42	46	37	37	38	33	31
	Moderator: power distance
b	−0.0055	−0.0004	−0.0039	−0.0026	0.0002	−0.0018	−0.0059	−0.0038	0.0012	0.0042	−0.0019	0.0000
SE	0.0019	0.0019	0.0022	0.0024	0.0017	0.0021	0.0035	0.0040	0.0034	0.0022	0.0022	0.0018
p	.0043	.8104	.0756	.2807	.9102	.3814	.0871	.3481	.7192	.0523	.3927	.9853
	.0000	N/A	N/A	.0000	.0000	.0000	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	.0000
	.4440	.0000	.2462	.1148	.0173	.0784	.0834	.0000	.0001	.1629	.0502	N/A
k	39	40	28	51	43	42	46	37	37	38	33	31

Notes: C = chance dimension; HLOC = health locus of control; I = internality dimension; k: number of effect sizes; MQOL = mental quality of life; N/A = not applicable (cannot be computed or analysed); P = powerful others dimension; PQOL = physical quality of life; and : explained variances on the level 2 (multiple measures) and level 3 (studies) heterogeneity variances, respectively.

Figure A1. Flow chart for reports included in the meta-analysis.