The role of emotions and injunctive norms in breastfeeding: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Figures & data

Table 1. Keywords for search terms.

PICO reference	Search term
Population terms	Parent / Couple / Mother / Father / Pregnant women / Pregnancy / Postpartum women
Intervention terms	Morals / Moral norm / Personal norm / Moral correctness / Moral obligation / Principles / Values Affect / Emotion / Anticipated affect / Anticipated regret / Anticipated emotion / Shame / Ashamed / Disgusted / Repulsed / Angry / Frustrated / Embarrassed / Guilty / Regret / Worry / Self-conscious / Fear / Pride / Compassion / Moved / Respect / Admiration / Awe / Inspiration / Astonished / Joyful / Happy / Elevation / Enjoy / Pleasant / Contentment
Comparator Terms	Attitude / Belief Intention / Plan Social norm / Social convention / Subjective norm / Social pressure / Social influence / Social obligation Self-efficacy / Perceived behavioural control / Perceived control Theory of planned behaviour / TPB / Theory of reasoned action / TRA / Social-cognition
Outcome Terms	Breastfeeding / Breast-feeding / Breast feeding / Formula feeding / Infant feeding / Combination feeding / Human milk / Milk feeding / Lactation Duration / Continuation / Discontinuation / Cessation / Maintenance / Initiation / Start*/ Stop*

Figure 1. PRISMA flowchart.

Table 2. Overall effect sizes for each influencing factor.

Model	Effect size	95% CI LL	95% CI UL	Z	p	Q	df	p	I^2	τ^2	SE	Variance	τ
Positive emotions
Fixed	0.12	0.088	0.146	7.87	<0.001	55.48	3	<0.001	94.59	0.03	0.03	0.001	0.17
Random	0.24	0.066	0.400	2.68	0.007
Negative emotions
Fixed	0.54	0.443	0.670	−5.76	<0.001	52.23	3	<0.001	94.26	0.75	0.67	0.45	0.87
Random	0.50	0.207	1.194	−1.56	0.118
Subjective norms
Fixed	0.020	0.015	0.025	7.46	<0.001	805.86	27	<0.001	96.65	0.03	0.03	0.001	0.17
Random	0.256	0.190	0.319	7.45	<0.001
Societal norms
Fixed	0.16	0.126	0.202	8.32	<0.001	388.72	4	<0.001	98.97	0.20	0.15	0.02	0.45
Random	0.24	−0.149	0.562	1.21	0.226
Moral norms
Fixed	0.33	0.262	0.400	8.72	<0.001	36.26	3	<0.001	91.73	0.08	0.07	0.005	0.28
Random	0.28	0.003	0.516	1.98	0.048

Figure 2. Overview of themes and subthemes.