The synthesis of nano-sized ZSM-5 zeolite by dry gel conversion method and investigating the effects of experimental parameters by Taguchi experimental design

Figures & data

Table 1. Factors and levels for L9 orthogonal array.

Factor	Level 1	Level 2	Level 3
Water/dry gel mass ratio	0.1	0.3	0.5
Crystallization time	6	8	14
Template molar ratio in precursor gel (x)	14	16	18
Gel drying temperature	100	115	130

Table 2. L9 orthogonal array layout and the measured response.

Sample name	Water/dry gel^a	crystallization time (h)	Template molar ratio (x)	Temperature^b	Crystallinity (%)	Mean particle size (nm)
S1	0.1	8	14	100	85	31
S2	0.3	6	14	115	74	19
S3	0.5	14	14	130	84	56
S4	0.1	14	16	115	81	44
S5	0.3	8	16	130	83	35
S6	0.5	6	16	100	68	32
S7	0.1	6	18	130	48	24
S8	0.3	14	18	100	79	51
S9	0.5	8	18	115	100	38

^a Water/dry gel mass ratio.

^b Gel drying temperature.

Figure 1. XRD patterns of DGC-ZSM-5 and HT-ZSM-5 samples.

Figure 2. SEM images of (a) DGC-ZSM-5 and (b) HT-ZSM-5 samples.

Figure 3. XRD patterns of all the ZSM-5 sample synthesized by dry gel conversion method (DGC).

Figure 4. SEM images of ZSM-5 crystals synthesized by dry gel conversion method (DGC)

Table 3. The mean response table of S/N ratio for crystallinity.

Level	water/dry gel^a	Crystallization time(h)	Template molar ratio	Temperature^b
Level 1	70.67	63.33	80.33	76.67
Level 2	79.33	81.33	78	85
Level 3	84	89.33	75.67	72.33
Difference	13.33	26	4.67	12.67

^a Water/dry gel mass ratio.

^b Gel drying temperature.

Table 4. The mean response table of S/N ratio for particle size.

Level	water/dry gel^a	Crystallization time(h)	Template molar ratio	Temperature^b
Level 1	37.67	25	35	38
Level 2	35.34	34.67	42	33.67
Level 3	37	50.33	33	38.33
Difference	2.33	25.33	9	4.67

^a Water/dry gel mass ratio.

^b Gel drying temperature.

Figure 5. (a) Contribution of effect of each factor: (a) on the crystallinity and (b) on the particle size.

Figure 6. Effects of water/dry gel mass ratio: (a) on the crystallinity (b) on the particle size.

Figure 7. Effects of time of crystallization: (a) on the crystallinity (b) on the particle size.

Figure 8. Effects of template molar ratio: (a) on the crystallinity (b) on the particle size.

Figure 9. Effects of gel drying temperature: (a) on the crystallinity (b) on the particle size.

Figure 10. Methanol conversion vs time on stream (371 °C, 1 atm, WHSV = 2 h⁻¹).

Figure 11. Product distribution vs time on stream (371 °C, 1 atm, WHSV = 2 h⁻¹).