Vanadium doped titania nanoparticles for photocatalytic removal of heavy metals from aqueous solutions

Figures & data

Table 1. Experimental conditions for the synthesis of V-doped titania.

Concentration of vanadium solution (ppm)	Acid (ml)	Methanol (ml)	Titanium (IV) isopropoxide (ml)
1000	0.5	25	5
2000	0.5	25	5
3000	0.5	25	5
4000	0.5	25	5
5000	0.5	25	5
6000	0.5	25	5

Figure 1. SEM images of V-doped titania with Ti/H₂O ratio of: (a) 10, (b) 5, and (c) 1.

Figure 2. Particle size distribution of V-doped titania (TiO₂/H₂O ratio of 10).

Figure 3. N₂ adsorption–desorption isotherm of V-doped TiO₂.

Table 2. BET analysis results of pure and V-doped titania.

Property	Pure titania	V-doped titania
BET surface area	62.9336 m²/g	66.1237 m²/g
Langmuir surface area	88.1457 m²/g	93.2200 m²/g
Single point desorption Average pore volume	0.023739 cm³/g	0.024800 cm³/g
Average pore width (4 V/A by BET)	61.5828 Å	5.7318 Å

Figure 4. XRD pattern of as-prepared V-doped titania.

Figure 5. Percentage of vanadium doped on titania as a function of vanadium concentration.

Figure 6. EDS analysis of V-doped titania.

Figure 7. Photocatalytic degradation of MB using pure and V-doped titania.

Figure 8. Photocatalytic degradation of MB at different pH using V-doped titania.

Figure 9. Removal of zinc on pure and V-doped titania.

Figure 10. Removal of lead on pure and V-doped titania.