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Notes
1. Data protection, http://www.sportandrecreation.org.uk/smart-sport/communication/marketing/data-protection, accessed 12 March 2015.
2. See e.g. SIS II Supervision Coordination Group (Citation2014).
3. The German sports policy model has been apostrophised as a ‘liberal model’ based on an ‘unconsolidated sports movement’ (Miège and Jappert Citation2013, 28). The same label has been used for Sweden (ibid., 180) and the UK (ibid., 163) as opposed to the French ‘interventionist model’ of a ‘consolidated sports movement’ (ibid., 99) and the Portuguese ‘interventionist model’ of an ‘unconsolidated sports movement’ (ibid., 147).
4. ‘The Commission regrets again the violation of the duty of professional secrecy when the positive test was leaked to the press. This is yet another example that has been brought to the CIRC’s attention and such cases should be seriously investigated in order to respect the athlete’s right to privacy as well as his/her rights for due process’. (Marty, Haas, and Nicholson Citation2015, 200).
6. See European Commission (Citation2014), sec. 2.1.
7. See [EU] Article 29 Data Protection Working Party [of national data protection authorities] (Citation2014).
8. Maximillian Schrems v Data Protection Commissioner [Ireland]. Reference for a preliminary ruling from High Court of Ireland. Unreported. ECLI:EU:C:2015:650. Case C-362/14. The claimant’s dedicated website (http://europe-v-facebook.org/EN/en.html) includes comprehensive uploaded material. While the claimant’s speaking notes (http://www.europe-v-facebook.org/CJEU_spaking_notes.pdf) are obviously biased, the audition notes provided by Belgian scholar Brendan Van Alsenoy (Katholieke Universiteit Leuven) (http://www.europe-v-facebook.org/CJEU_hearing_notes.pdf), Schrems lawyers’ pleading notes (http://www.europe-v-facebook.org/CJEU_subs.pdf), an academic paper by Professor Franziska Böhm (Westfälische Wilhelms-Unversität Münster, Germany) (http://www.europe-v-facebook.org/CJEU_boehm.pdf) and the judgment of the referring Irish High Court of 18 June 2014 (http://www.europe-v-facebook.org/hcj.pdf) are all prime sources. The pleading notes of the Welcome to the home page of the European Data Protection Supervisor (EDPS) agent are expected to be uploaded soon on the EDPS website (https://secure.edps.europa.eu/EDPSWEB/edps/EDPS?lang=en).
9. Directive 95/46/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 24 October 1995 on the protection of individuals with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data (Official Journal of the European Union, L 281, 23.11.1995, p. 31–50) (http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:31995L0046). For an overview of the ongoing reform of the EU data protection framework and the text of the expected future General Regulation, see the dedicated European Commission website (http://ec.europa.eu/justice/data-protection/). For a collection of academic commentaries, see Gutwirth, Leenes, and de Heert (Citation2015).
10. Every EU member state has a national instrument such as Germany’s BDSG (http://www.bfdi.bund.de/bfdi_wiki/index.php/Bundesdatenschutzgesetz) or the UK’s Data Protection Act 1998 (http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1998/29/contents), while the German Länder have their own laws (for an unofficial overview, see: https://beck-online.beck.de/default.aspx?bcid=Y-100-G-red_LDSchG). Note also the Council of Europe’s Convention 108 (http://www.coe.int/t/dghl/standardsetting/DataProtection/default_en.asp) to which all EU member states are Parties.
11. See Press release. Agreement on Commission’s EU data protection reform will boost Digital Single Market. Brussels, 15 December 2015. IP/15/6321. http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-15-6321_en.htm.
12. For an English translation of the judgment, see Duval (Citation2015b). For commentaries see e.g. Duval (Citation2015a) and Kornbeck (Citation2015).