Green synthesis of gold and silver nanoparticles as antidiabetic and anticancerous agents

Figures & data

Figure 1. Green synthesis of nanoparticles.

Figure 2. Significance of green synthesis.

Figure 3. Phytochemicals active against diabetes.

Figure 4. Phytochemicals active against cancer.

Table 1. Green synthesis of silver and gold nanoparticles.

Plant	Plant Part	Types of Nanoparticles	Method of Synthesis	Characterizations	References
E. officinalis	Leaf Extract	AgNPs & AuNPs	AgNO3 and HAuCl4 added to leaf extract and NPs formed in 19 and 2 mins, respectively, Centrifugation (16,000 rpm) for 10 min.	Quasi-spherical (40.37 ± 1.8– 49.72 ± 1.2 nm)	(165)
N. oleander	stem bark Extract	AuNPs	Aliquots of Au(III) solution (11.6 mM), bark extract from 200–4000 mg/L at room 25 ^oC	Spherical (20–40 nm)	(166)
D. viscosa	Dried Leaf Extract	AuNPs	Leaf Extract, 1 mM aqueous HAuCl4, centrifugation (10,000 rpm) for 20 mins	Spherical (20–50 nm)	(167)
F. cirrhosa	Whole Plant Extract	AuNPs	10 mM auric chloride, 10 ml of crude extract, at 30°C. centrifugation (10,000 rpm) for 20 mins.	Spherical (40–45 nm)	(168)
E. thyrsoideum	Plant Extract	AuNPs	HAuCl4.3H2O (25 mL), Extract (10 mL), pH  = 11 and stirred at 75°C for 30 mins, Ruby red coloration and centrifuged (14,000 rpm) for 20 mins	Spherical (9 nm)	(169)
P. dactylifera	Root hair Extract	AgNPs	Biogenic AgNPs by bottom-up method, AgNO3 (0.1 mM), yellowish brown color	Spherical (21–41 nm)	(170)
E. alba	Plant extract	AuNPs	Auric chloride (1 mm), Plant extract, heated at 90°C for 20 mins	Spherical (26 nm)	(138)
Z. spina-christi	Leave Extract	AuNPs	HAuCl4. 3H2O (0.011 M), stirring along heating for 5 mins and brownish-black NPs.	Spherical (0–10 nm)	(171)
S. rechengri	Aerial parts Extract	AgNPs	AgNO3, extract, reaction in sunlight at pH = 7 and by ultrasound 40 Hz at 40°C and pH: 7	Spherical (44–65 nm)	(172)
A.cepa	Onion Bulb Extract	AgNPs	AgNO3 (0.1 M), onion extract, in dark condition, stirred, centrifuged (3000) rpm for 30 mins and brown NPs were obtained	Spherical (49 to 73 nm)	(173)
E. agallocha	Leaves extract	AgNPs	AgNO3 (1 mM) added to 2 mL of aqueous leaf extract, stirred until color changed observed	Spherical (20 nm)	(174)
P. niruri	Leaves Extract	AgNPs	AgNO3 (1 mM), Extract stirred at room temperature, yellow coloration attained	Spherical 30–60	(175)

Table 2. Green synthesis of silver and gold nanoparticles and their antidiabetic activity.

Green Source	Source part (Leaves, stem, flower, roots)	Type of NPs (Au/Ag)	Method/Reaction Conditions	Characterization Technique	Size of NPs	Antidiabetic activity	References
Z. officinale and C. amada	Sprouting region	AgNPs	Centrifugation for ten minutes at 5000 rpm	UV/Vis, EDS, XRD, SEM, and FTIR	Spherical shaped (25–30 nm)	α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity of Z. officinale = 55.10%, 57.50%, respectively, while for C. amada AgNPs 65.40% and 68.78%	(179)
P. marsupium	Bark and wood	AgNPs	Aqueous soln. of AgNO3 and color changed yellow to brown	UV/Vis and FTIR.	Average particle size = 148.5 nm	The amylase % inhibition by Pterocarpus marsupium at lower conc. =  41.44% and at high conc. =  71.14% and IC50 value = 700 μg/ml	(180)
L. sericea	Aerial parts	AuNPs	Time (72 hrs), temperature (90–100°C) and stirring for just 60 s	LC-MS, UV/Vis, HR-TEM, XRD, and DLS.	Spherical shape (6.3 ± 2 nm)	In vitro evaluation α-amylase and α-glucosidase IC50 values 14.5 ± 0.8 μg/mL and 3.0 ± 0.3 μg/mL, respectively	(139)
F. cirrhosa	Whole plant	AuNPs	Temperature 60°C for 30 mins, centrifugation (1000 rpm) for 20 mins and color changed pale to deep red	UV /Vis, HR-TEM, XRD, and FTIR	Spherical shape (40–45 nm)	Regenerate islets cells of pancreas Increase insulin secretion and restore hexokinase, Glucose-6-phosphatase and fructose-1, 6-bisphosphatase functions	(168)
C.sativa	Leaf extract	AgNPs	Stirring for 12 hrs at 25°C and black coloration.	TEM, FT-IR, FE-SEM, and UV/Vis	Spherical shape (11.5 nm)	α-glucosidase inhibitory activity and IC50 value = 32.31 μg/mL and Ki value = 39.43 ± 7.31	(181)
M. oleifera	Leaf extract	AuNPs	Centrifugation at 10,000 rpm for 15 mins, color changed from yellow to red. color yellow to red observed	HR-TEM, XRD, UV/Vis, EDS, and SEM	Spherical, oval and hexagonal shape (35–51 nm)	α-amylase inhibitory activity IC50 value = 130 μg/mL	(19)
C. cuspidatus	Leaf extract	AuNPs	Shaking at 25°C, by centrifugation. Color changed from light yellow to deep blue	UV/Vis, XRD, TEM, and TGA	Cubic and square shaped	Au NPs (0.75 mg/Kg body wt.) change body weight from 195.8 ± 10.18 to 203.4 ± 9.65, Blood glucose level 98.00 ± 3.12 mg/dL, Insulin 13 ± 1.25 μU/Ml and glycogen 47.12 ± 1.54 mg/g	(182)
H. integrifolia	Leaf extract	AgNPs	50 mL AgNO3 solution, 100 mL leave extract, dried at room 25^oC and color changed from light green to colloidal black	UV/Vis, XRD, FIR, EDX, and FESEM.	Face centered cubic (32–38 nm)	α-amylase inhibitory activity using 25 μL = 60.08 ± 3.38% and using 100 μL = 86.66 ± 5.03%	(183)
A. cepa	Bulbs	AgNPs	50 mL of 0.1M AgNO3, 20 mL extract, centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 30 mins and color changed yellow to brown.	UV/Vis, SEM, and TEM	Spherical shape (49–73 nm)	In vitro evaluation α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity was found to be 45% and 23% with 40 μg/mL	(173)
P. guajava	Leaf extract	AgNPs	AgNO3 solution (1 mL), Psidium guajava extract (5 mL), centrifugation at 15,000 rpm for 20 mins and incubation at 38°C	UV/Vis, FTIR, and SEM,	spherical shaped (52.12–65.02 nm)	In vivo evaluation of Psidium guajava NPs (400 mg/kg), Body weight increased from 196.7 ± 3.8 to 209 ± 2.38 and BGL decreased from 243 ± 1.6 to 109.7 ± 0.88 on the 21st day	(184)
P. niveum	Whole plant	AgNPs	Alcholic (100 mg) extract, AgNO3 solution (1 mM), at pH 11 and green coloration appeared	UV/Vis, FTIR, XRD, SEM, EDS	Spherical shape (21 nm)	In vivo evaluation at (10 mg/kg), body weight increased from 142 to 150 and blood glucose level decreased from 265 mg/dL to 140 mg/dL on the 21st day	(185)
T. foenum-graecum	Seed extract	AgNPs and AuNPs	AgNO3, solution (0.001M), extract, chloroauric acid, 0.0009M, color changed brown to green (AgNPs) and light yellow to red (AuNPs)	Zetasizer, SEM, and EDS	Spherical and irregular shapes (73.18 nm)	Blood glucose level decreased from 310.00 ± 23.65 mg/dL to 125.80 ± 2.58 mg/dL	(186)
G. pomace	Fruit waste extract	AgNPs	Grape extract, AgNO3 (1 mM), stirring, centrifuge at 12000rpm, and light brown to dark brown coloration	UV/Vis, EDS, FTIR, Zeta potential, and H-TEM,	Spherical shape (15 to 20 nm)	α-amylase activity with IC50 value is 43.94 µg/mL and for α-glucosidase 48.5 µg/mL	(187)
A. officinalis L. and X, granatum J.	Leaf and bark extract	AgNPs	Extracts, AgNO3 solution (10Mm) centrifuged for 10,000 rpm for 20 min, washed with water, dry at 50 ^OC	UV/Vis, FTIR, XRD, SEM, DLS	Polydispersed and clusters (0–1000 nm)	α-amylase activity of X. granatum and A. officinalis AgNPs are 35.51 to 89.5%, 18.21 to 76.13%, respectively, while IC50 values are 0.13 and 0.15 mg/mL, respectively	(188)
H. foetidum	Leaf and flower extract	AuNPs	Extract (20 mg), chloroaurate (III) solution, color changed Pale yellow to ruby red	UV/Vis, HR-TEM, XRD, FTIR, and DLS	Hexagonal, spherical and triangular (2.02 ± 0.53–12.5 ± 04.3 nm)	Relative glucose uptake IC50 value of α-glucosidase = 40.0 ± 0.2–173.3 ± 0.1 µg/mL IC50 value of α-amylase found to be 35.6 ± 0.1 µg/mL	(189)
C. viscosa	Whole plant	AgNPs	Aqueous extract + 1, 2, 3 mL AgNO3 Heat at 26 ± 2°C color changed from light green to dark brown	UV/Vis, SEM, XRD, FTIR, and TEM	Rod, spherical, and triangular shape and average size (24 nm)	α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities using 3 mL. AgNPs are 57.62% and 90.14%, IC50 values are 21.92 ± 1.74 mg/mL and 1.76 ± 1.91 mg/mL, respectively	(190)
E. phyllanthus	Leaf extract	AgNPs	Extract (5 mL) AgNO3 solution, stirrer, centrifuge at 5000 rpm and color changed pale yellow to brownish	UV/Vis, EDX, SEM, AFM, and XRD	Spherical shape (25–55 nm)	Glucose level decreased 280.83 ± 4.17 to 151.17 ± 3.54 mg/dL	(14)
C. tsoi	Leaf extract	AgNPs	Leaf extract, 2 ml of 5 mM AgNO3 heat and stirred the mixture	UV/Vis, DLS, SAED, (SAED), SEM, TEM, and XRD	Triangular, hexagonal and spherical (10 nm – 20 nm)	α-amylase and α-glucosidase activity increased from 45 ± 0.83 to 93 ± 1.09 and 57 ± 1.35 to 80 ± 1.54, respectively as dose of increased 10 to 75 μg/ml, respectively	(191)
E. thyrsoideum	Whole plant extract	AgNPs	Plant extract, 15 mL of AgNO3, NaOH solution, centrifugation at 12000rpm, color changed yellow to light brown and then dark brown	FT-IR, UV/Vis, XRD, EDX, SEM, and TEM	Spherical shape (10 nm)	Fasting blood sugar (FBS) decreased in diabetic rats receiving AgNPs on the 7th and 15th days	(192)
C. tomentosum	Leaf extract	AgNPs	5 g of dried leaf, 20 mL of distilled water, 10 mL of AgNO3 and color changed light green to dark brown	UV/Vis, FTIR, XRD, and EDX	Face centered cubic shape	α-amylase and β-glucosidase are 19% and 50%	(193)
S. enterica	Cultural filtrate	AgNPs	AgNO3, centrifugation, stirring (12hrs), color change confirms the synthesis of NPs	UV/Vis, FTIR, SEM, TEM, and EDX.	Spherical shape (7.18–13.24 nm)	AgNPs (3 mL) used and IC50 value of α-amylase and α-Glucosidase are 428.60 and 562.02 μg/mL, respectively	(194)
S. glabra	Rhizomes extract	AuNPs	Plant extract, aq. chloroauric acid (10 mL) solution and dark conditions.	UV/Vis, XRD, SEM, TEM, EDX and FT-IR	Hollow shaped (50-90 nm)	Diabetic rats treated with (50 mg/Kg) and 170 mg/Kg blood glucose reduced	(195)
N. sativa	Seed extract	AuNPs	Extract, chloroacetic acid, stirring, centrifugation at 12000rpm, color changed pale yellow to purple	SEM, TEM, and FTIR	Spherical or triangular shape. Average size (32.96 ± 5.25 nm)	Percentage inhibition of α-amylase and α-glucosidase with 500 µg/mL are 81% and 82.3%, respectively	(95)
P. tortuous	Aerial parts	AuNPs	0.05 mL hydrogen tetrachloroaurate (III), 4 mL plant extract and color changed from yellow to pink	UV/Vis, TEM, XRD, FTIR, and TGA	Spherical, hexagonal and triangular (20–40 nm)	IC50 value of α-glucosidase = 77. 44 mg/mL	(196)

Table 3. Green synthesis of silver and gold nanoparticles and their anticancer activity.

Green Source	Source part Extract (Leaves, stem, roots)	Type of NPs (Au/Ag)	Method/Reaction Conditions	Characterization Technique	Size of NPs	Anticancer activity	Reference
Z. officinale and C. amada	Sprout extract	AgNPs	Aqueous sprout extract (30 mL), Silver acetate (70 mL of 0.1 M), and centrifuged at 5000 rpm	UV/Vis, FTIR, SEM and XRD.	Spherical(25-30 nm)	Human colon carcinoma cells (HCT15), Cell viability of Z. officinale AgNPs (500 µg/ml) = 43.71% and IC50 = 96.73 μg/mL and C. amada AgNPs (500 µg/ml) = 49.49% and IC50 = 103.66 μg/mL	(179)
C. sativa	Leaf extract	AgNPs	AgNO3 (1–10^–3 M), Plant extract (20 mg/mL) and stirring for 12 hrs at 25 ^OC	UV/Vis, FE-SEM, TEM, and FTIR	Spherical shape (11.5 nm)	IC50 value against WiDr cell line = 379 mg/mL, SW-1417 cell line = 285 mg/mL, DLD-1 cell line = 377 mg/mL, LS123 cell line = 350 mg/mL, ATRFLOX cell line = 241 mg/mL, Caco-2 cell line = 296 mg/mL	(181)
T. indica	fruit shell	AgNPs	Plant extract (400 mL), AgNO3 (10 mM), double distilled water (1000 mL) + stirring for 2 hrs at 45°C	UV/Vis, SEM, TEM, XRD, and EDX.	Spherical shape (20–52 nm)	Breast cancer cell line: IC50 = 20 μg/mL	(203)
C. behen	Leaf extract	AuNPs	Plant extract (20 mL), HAuCl4 solution (100 mL), red color appearance, Centrifugation at 8880 rpm for 10 mins	UV/Vis, TEM, XRD, and EDX	Spherical shape (20–50 nm)	Leukemia cell line: IC50 = 25 μg/mL	(204)
C. versicolor and B. edulis	Mashroom extract	AgNPs	AgNO3 (25 mL), Microwave at 475W for 2 mins, Centrifuge for 10 mins at 20,000 rpm	UV/Vis, DLS, and FTIR.	Average size of CV-AgNPs and BE-AgNPs were 86.0 ± 3.8 nm and 87.7 ± 0.8 nm	IC50 value of CV-AgNPs: MCF-7 = 34.37 ± 0.74 μg/mL, HT-29 = 13.24 ± 0.10 μg/mL, HUH-7 = 13.24 ± 0.10 μg/mL. IC50 values of BE-AgNPs for MCF-7 = 8.48 ± 0.13 μg/mL, HT-29 = 8.00 ± 0.78 μg/mL and HUH-7 = 3.59 ± 0.86 μg/mL	(205)
L. usitatissimum	Flaxseed extract	AuNPs	Seed extract (6 mL), HAuCl4 10^−3 M and color changed to ruby red	UV/Vis, XPS, FTIR, XRD, EDX, and TEM	Spherical and triangular morphology (3.4–6.9 nm)	IC50 value of FS-AuNPs for MCF-7 = 9.9 µg/mL, HepG-2 = 14.5 µg/mL and HCT-116 = 17.9 µg/mL	(206)
F. persica	Aerial parts	AgNPs	Extract solution (25 mL), NaOH (0.2 mM), AgNO3 (8 mM), stirring for 60 mins at 65°C, color changed to dark brown and centrifuged for 15 mins	SEM, TEM, EDS, XRD, FTIR, and UV/Vis	Spherical shape (15 nm)	IC50 value of Fp-NPs for MCF-7  = 21.28 µg/mL and Fp-NPs for AGS cell line = 11.07 µg/mL	(207)
A. strains	Supernatant of fungi spores	AgNPs	AgNO3, supernatant (1 mM), pH = 8.5, Store in dark chamber, Color changed from pale yellow to dark brown	UV/Vis, FTIR, TGA, TEM, EDX, and XRD	Spherical shape (18.99 nm size)	IC50 value of Fp-NPs for A549 = 31.41 g/mL	(208)
S. barbata	Whole plant	AuNPs	Aqueous Extract plant (10 mL), chloroauric acid (0.1 M), stirring for 3 hrs, Centrifugation for 15 mins at 10000 rpm, and color changed from brown to red	UV/Vis, TEM, SAED, AFM, and FTIR	Spherical (154 nm)	Activity of AuNPs against pancreatic cancer cell lines (PANC-1) was decreased as the conc. Of AuNPs increases	(209)
R. rubescens	Leaf extract	AuNPs	Aqueous leaves extract (10 mL), 190 ml of 1 mM Gold (III) chloride trihydrate solution, and color change from yellow to ruby red	UV/Vis, FTIR, SAED and AFM	Poly dispersed (130 nm)	Lung carcinoma A549 cell lines IC50 value of RR-AuNP for A549 = 25 mg/mL	(210)
A. berry (AB) and E. berry (EB)	Fruit extract	AuNPs	Berry extract, deionized water, chloroform, EtOH, heating at 100°C, stirring, 100 mL of 0.1 M NaAuCl4 solution, Centrifuge for 10 mins at 15,000 rpm	UV/Vis, and TEM.	Spherical, triangular, and rod-like shapes. AB-AuNPs (194 nm) and EB-AuNPs (172 nm)	AB-AuNPs cause 41% cell death in Panc-1. EB-AuNPs cause 30% cell death both in prostate PC-3 and pancreatic (Panc-1).	(211)
P. granatum	Peel extract	AuNPs	Peel extract (10 mL), gold chloride (1 mM), stirring, and centrifuge for 10 min at 8000 rpm	UV/Vis, SEM, and EDX	Spherical shape (6 nm)	Cell viability against HepG-2 of Au-NPs at 1 µg/mL = 84.81% while at 100 µg/mL = 16.9%	(212)
T. diffusa	Leaf extract	AuNPs	Leaf extract (1 mL), chloroauric acid solution (9 mL), stirring for 4 hrs, and centrifuge for 10 mins	UV/Vis, SEM, and FTIR	Spherical shape (24 nm).	head-kidney Leukocytes cell lines used. Cell viability of 12.5 μg/ml AuNPs = 130%, 25 μg/ml AuNPs = 120% and with 50 μg/ml AuNPs = 90%	(213)
P. crispum	Leaf extract	AuNPs	Leaf extract (2.5–20 mL), HAuCl4.H2O solution, heated until boil, Stirring for 2 mins and Store NPs at 25 ^OC	UV/Vis, TEM, XRD, EDX, and FTIR	spherical, agglomerated, and deformed shapes (17–50 nm)	Human cancerous colorectal cell line (CO-II) used and IC50 value of Au-NPs = 56.83–84.39 mg/mL	(214)
C. Microphylla	Fruit extract	AgNPs	Fruit extract (12.5 mL) 25 ml of 10 mM AgNO3, washed and dried in oven	FTIR, XRD, EDS, XRD, FESEM, TEM and UV/Vis	Spherical (30 - 50 nm)	IC50 value of AgNPs for AGS  = 34.30 µg/mL and for MCF-7  = 29.02 µg/mL	(215)
L. chinense	Fruit extract	AuNPs and AgNPs	Fruit extract (5 mL), Gold (III) chloride trihydrate for AuNPs, AgNPs solutions and centrifuge for 10 mins at 15,000 rpm	UV/Vis, XRD, and EDX	AuNPs agglomerated (20-100 nm) and AgNPs Spherical shape (50–200 nm)	Cell viability of LC-AuNPs (25 µg/mL) for MCF-7 = 90% and RAW264.7 = 100%. Percentage cell viability of LC-AgNPs (25 µg/mL) for MCF-7 = 60 and RAW264.7 = 80%	(216)
J. auriculatum	Leaf extract	AuNPs	leaf extract (10 mL), HAuCl4.3H2O (1 mM), centrifugation for 20 mins at 10,000 rpm, and color changed from light yellow to violet	UV/Vis, SEM, and TEM	Spherical shape (8–37 nm)	Human cervical cancer cell line IC50 value of AgNPs = 104 μg/mL	(217)
T. polium	Leaf extract	AgNPs	Leaf extract (10 mL), AgNO3 (1Mm), and stirred at 25°C for 30 mins	UV/Vis, XRD, SEM, and FTIR	Spherical shape (70–100 nm)	IC50 value of Ag-NPs against human gastric cancer cell MNK45 = 68.2 μg/mL	(218)
N. crenulata	Leaf extract	AgNPs	AgNO3 (47.5 mL), ultrasonic water bath at 35°C for 30 min, and centrifuge for 20 mins at 4000 rpm	UV/Vis, XRD, FT-IR, SEM, and AFM	Spherical (20–40 nm)	IC50 value of Ag-NPs against breast cancer (HER2) = 72.88 μg/mL	(219)
H. spinosa	Whole plant extract	AuNPs	Aqueous HAuCl4 hydrate solution, plant extract, centrifuge for 10 mins at 10,000 rpm, and centrifugation of collected supernatant for 1 h at 14,000 rpm	UV/Vis, FTIR, XRD, TEM, FEG-SEM, and EDS	Spherical, polygonal, rod and triangular shapes (68.44 ± 0.30 nm)	Cell viability of AgNPs against MCF-7 = 43.78%, MB-231 (breast) = 39.34%, U-87 (brain) = 27.89%, SKOV-3 (ovarian) = 21.45% and NCI/ADR = 31.48%	(220)
P. tuberosa	Flower extract	AuNPs	Floral extract (3 mL), HAuCl4 (1.5 mM), pH = 9, and Temperature 60°C	UV/Vis, FTIR, XRD, and TEM	Spherical in shape (38.76 nm)	IC50 value of Au-NPs against MCF-7 = 100 µg/mL	(221)
D. viscosa	Leaf extract	AgNPs	Leaf extract (5 mL), AgNO3 (1 mM), buffer (2.5 mL) and magnetic stirring for 2 hrs	UV/Vis, FT-IR, XRD, HR-SEM with EDX and HR-TEM	Worm-like, irregular flower, spherical, and dendritic shapes (12-20 nm)	A549 lung cancer cell lines used and IC50 value of worm-like NPs = 14 μg/mL, flower-like NPs = 3 μg/mL, spherical-like NPs = 80 μg/mL and spherical-like NPs = 4 μg/mL	(222)
T. glandulosolanosa	Leaf extract	AgNPs	AgNO3 (0.5 mM), leaf extract, Stirring and Centrifuge for 15 mins at 12,500 rpm, washing with water, and dried for 48 hrs at 40°C	UV/Vis, DLS, SEM and TEM	Quasi-spherical (6.64–51.00 nm)	Cell viability of AgNPs against MCF-7 = 42.70%, A549 = 59.24% and L929 = 8.80%	(223)
A. halimus and C. amperosidies	Whole plant extract.	AuNPs	Plant extract (10 mL), HAuCl4.3H2O (0.011 M), Color changed from golden yellow to violet	UV-Vis, FTIR, XRD, EDX	Spherical shape Atriplex halimus (2-40 nm)	Cell viability of halimus-AuNPs = 35.64 lg/mL against MCF-7 and for C. amperosidies-AuNPs = 38.46 lg/mL	(224)

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