Mixed methods evaluation of well-being benefits derived from a heritage-in-health intervention with hospital patients

Figures & data

Table 1 Coding manual.

Facilitator code	Explanation	Patient code	Explanation
Confirming patient thinking	This is very similar to agreeing. Facilitators confirm facts or simply agree with what patients are saying (this may be split into agreeing vs. confirming patient thinking as I think there may be grounds for doing so).	Being correct	Patients are keen to be correct about objects – if not, maybe this is construed by the patient as unfavourable or that they are stupid, silly, etc. It can make a difference to the amount of participation they have in a session and whether they enjoy it or not.
Questioning	Facilitators using questions to stimulate conversation based around the objects and also to find out more about the patient; their background and level of knowledge.	Questioning	Patients question the facilitators about the objects, ‘how old is it? Where does it come from?’ etc. They may also question facts that the facilitator gives them, sometimes rhetorically but in some instances because they doubt the information that has been given to them or want to know more about where the facilitator got the information from. “But how do you know?”
Giving information	Facilitator gives facts about objects and can often, quite literally, hand over object information sheets.	Giving information	Patient gives facts about his or her life.
Inviting touch	In order to get patients interacting and engaging with the objects, facilitators invite the patients to touch the objects. Often they encourage them to feel textures, gauge weight or understand its fragility.	Enjoying session	Patient may laugh or joke with facilitator. Indication that they are enjoying the session. They may also overtly acknowledge enjoyment.
Sharing power/passing over control	This is mainly seen when facilitators invite patients to select an object. By doing this at the start of the session in particular, it shows willingness from the facilitator to be led by the patient but also sets them on more equal ground. Patients are more likely to engage with things they select as they often remark “I'm interested in that one”.	Agreeing	Agreeing with the facilitator can be a simple acknowledgement of hearing to a firm acknowledgement followed by an observation, fact or question.
Hearing impaired	This is important in elderly and acute illness sessions. Hearing might be impaired because of medical problems, distractions in ward, quiet responses from facilitators.	Seeking validation	Patients who treat the object identification as a guessing game, and even those that aren't, seek validation that they are correct with guesses and facts. They look to the facilitator to confirm their thoughts. This code links to “confirming patient thinking”, “being correct” and “guessing game”. Facilitator as expert.
Selecting objects	Selected objects because of colour, size, shape (features) or they were curious about what it was. They also selected on basis of knowing (or thinking they knew) what it was. Excitedly jumps from one object to another.	Hearing impaired	Some instances occur where facilitators cannot hear. Must always be attentive to patient and ask to repeat if comment not heard (do no just agree).
Correcting statement(s)	Must do this if a fact is incorrect. While patients like to guess they are not always right. Do it in a “good guess but not quite right” way.	Triggering associations	Patients may suddenly remember an event, object, person from their past or something in everyday life. It may be triggered by sight, touch, hearing or smell. This code has links with remembering/reminiscing and making observations.
Acknowledging patient	This refers to the instances where the facilitator does not want to break the flow of info/knowledge coming from patient so simply acknowledges engagement in conversation “yes”, “mm”, “uh-huh” type comments.	Sharing knowledge	This is different to giving information because it is not about facts but rather about the patients' personal understanding/interpretation of an object or a fact. They often talk about it from first-hand experience or can give an example; they feel comfortable in their own knowledge of it.
Disclosing feelings	The facilitator may disclose their feelings about objects but also about why they chose what they chose and why they omitted objects from the study. For example, facilitators thought medical objects would be inappropriate given the settings but many commented on wanting to see those collections.	Disclosing feelings	The patient could feel disgust at looking at an object, at finding out what it is. Equally, they may disclose any number of feelings; fear, happiness, shock, amazement, etc. The object has obviously engaged with their emotions/feelings and they disclose personal connections or inner most interpretations.
Introducing session/objects	The facilitator takes the opportunity at the start of the session to explain what will happen. They will also tell the patient, when a new object is selected, either by the facilitator or the patient, facts and figures about the object or begin by posing a question “what do you think it is?”	Guessing game	Some patients are keen to guess what the objects are and so it becomes almost competitive (perhaps this is reflexive of their personality?). This code is connected with “being correct”, “seeking validation” and “confirming patient thinking”.
Making observations	The facilitator may make observations about the object as a way of questioning the patient, for example “you can see the wear and tear on it, can't you?” He/she may also make observations about the patient … as a form of questioning.	Remembering/reminiscing	This links strongly with “triggering associations” (RETHINK). Remembering or reminiscing about things is often as a result of an object, or less directly, from a conversation induced by an object. Patients remember facts, events and most often very personal stories.
Referring to aides	The facilitator is not expected to be an expert in all things or in the objects for handling so they may refer to aides like information sheets. This project also used images of things when alive/in use to make observation /engagement/comprehension easier.	Making observations	By handing objects to patients and giving them time to look at each one, patients begin to make observations. This may be about their features, for example, weight, colour, patterns, dimensions. May also relate to other similar objects.
Demonstrating object use	The facilitator may take the object and illustrate how it could be use, which way up it would be, etc. This has links to referring to aides as sometimes objects are compared with photos or similar contemporary objects.	Selecting objects	Patient cannot make up mind/does not seem interested/ bothered, cannot see to select. Some patients ask or are invited to touch/handle objects again. This reaffirms their thoughts/feelings/understanding/curiosity.
		Distracting from session	There are numerous distractions within the settings of the study – all were in hospitals. Other patients, visitors, staff, illness, tiredness, music, lack of enthusiasm.
		Stopping due to illness	Coughing, etc. interferes with session – not quite distraction
		Worrying about handling	Some of the objects may be perceived as fragile and not fit for handling by the patient; some will not touch because they don't like the look of it. However, all objects have been selected for the purpose and the facilitator works to encourage touch and dispel any fears.
		Communicating opinions	This is different to sharing knowledge where the patient talks about something he/she has knowledge about. Here they give their opinion for example “you've got to do it! You never know”. The sentence will often have a ‘because’ in it as they explain their opinion. They also tend to start with “I think” or “I don't think”.

Table 2 Mean scores (SDs).

	PANAS				VAS
	Positive		Negative		Wellness		Happiness
	Pre-session mean (SD)	Post-session mean (SD)	Pre-session mean (SD)	Post-session mean (SD)	Pre-session mean (SD)	Post-session mean (SD)	Pre-session mean (SD)	Post-session mean (SD)
Pooled patient groups	28.06 (7.26)	33.57 (8.73)	14.02 (4.90)	12.43 (4.25)	58.76 (21.61)	64.58 (22.27)	62.05 (21.91)	66.92 (22.15)
Acute and elderly care	26.55 (9.72)	33.91 (9.31)	15.64 (6.41)	13.73 (4.78)	62.73 (26.87)	68.64 (24.91)	62.73 (26.11)	69.55 (23.92)
General oncology	29.63 (7.87)	35.94 (10.95)	12.00 (3.12)	10.50 (1.10)	58.50 (23.12)	64.25 (26.38)	62.00 (23.42)	68.00 (26.89)
Gynaecological oncology	26.87 (7.86)	31.50 (9.20)	14.38 (4.21)	12.62 (3.98)	54.44 (21.77)	62.25 (19.82)	57.25 (21.71)	63.50 (20.88)
Neurological rehabilitation	28.81 (2.07)	32.95 (3.60)	14.65 (5.71)	13.41 (5.78)	60.88 (15.85)	64.82 (19.54)	67.09 (17.61)	67.56 (17.72)

Table 3 Effect size estimates on pre- and post-session differences.

	PANAS		VAS
	Positive	Negative	Wellness	Happiness
Pooled patient groups	0.69	0.38	0.27	0.22
Acute and elderly care	0.77	0.34	0.23	0.27
General oncology	0.67	0.71	0.23	0.24
Gynaecological oncology	0.54	0.43	0.38	0.29
Neurological rehabilitation	1.46	0.22	0.21	0.03

0.8 =  large effect size; 0.5 =  medium effect size; 0.2 =  small effect size (Cohen, 1988).

Table 4 Significance levels of analyses (i) and (ii).

	PANAS		VAS
	Positive	Negative	Wellness	Happiness
	F value (df) significance	F value (df) significance	F value (df) significance	F value (df) significance
(i) Pooled patient groups	69.72 (1,53)	24.82 (1,53)	18.20 (1,53)	10.30 (1,53)
	p <  .001**	p <  .001**	p <  .001**	p <  .002**
(ii) Separate patient groups	0.60 (3,53)	1.69 (3,53)	0.26 (3,53)	0.30 (3,53)
	p <  .614	p <  .181	p <  .852	p <  .829

Table 5 PANAS adjectives, alternate words and synonyms.

	PANAS adjectives	Alternate words	Synonyms
Positive words	Active	Activation, activity	Energetic, dynamic, full of life, lively, on the go, perky, up and about, vigorous, with vitality
	Alert	Alerted, alertness	Aroused, awakened, aware, observant, prepared, ready to act, vigilant, watchful
	Attentive	Attend, attending, attention	Concentrating, noticing, observant, focused, listening, thinking
	Determined	Determination	Firm, resolute, indomitable, single-minded, strong-minded, unwavering
	Enthusiastic	Enthuse, enthused, enthusiasm	Animated, eager, keen, fervent, passionate, wholehearted
	Excited	Excite, excitement, exciting	Electrified, energized, motivated, thrilled
	Inspired	Inspirational, inspire, inspiring	Astounded, dazzled, educated, encouraged, informed, motivated, stimulated, stirred
	Interested	Interest, interesting	Absorbed, attracted, captivated, engaged, fascinated
	Proud	Pride, prideful	Confident, delighted, fulfilled, gratified, independent, honoured, pleased, satisfied
	Strong	Strength, stronger, strongest	Passionate, powerful, resilient, resistant, robust, solid, sturdy, tough
Negative words	Afraid	–	Fearful, frightened, petrified, terrified
	Ashamed	Shame, shamed, shameful	Apologetic, embarrassed, humbled, humiliated, mortified, sorry
	Distressed	Distraught, distress, distressing	Anguished, bothered, disturbed, suffering, tormented, troubled, uncomfortable
	Guilty	Guilt, guilt-ridden	Accountable, at fault, blameworthy, culpable, in the wrong, remorseful, responsible
	Hostile	Hostility	Aggressive, antagonistic, argumentative, harsh, intimidating, unfriendly, unreceptive
	Irritable	Irritated, irritability	Annoyed, bad-tempered, cross, petulant, prickly, short-tempered, tetchy, touchy
	Jittery	Jitters	Edgy, fidgety, frazzled, fraught, jumpy, on edge, stressed out, strung-up, wound-up
	Nervous	Nerves, nervy	Anxious, bundle of nerves, concerned, panicky, tense, uneasy, worried
	Scared	Scare, scary, scarily	Alarmed, chilled, daunted, intimidated, jolted, shocked, startled
	Upset	Upsetting	Disappointed, dismayed, grieved, hurt, in a state, offended, sad, tearful, unhappy

Table 6 Frequency of occurrence of PANAS adjectives.

	PANAS adjective	No. participants who used word	No. times word occurred overall
Positive words	Active	1	1
	Alert	1	1
	Attentive	0	0
	Determined	0	0
	Enthusiastic	2	2
	Excited	3	3
	Inspired	0	0
	Interested	14	64
	Proud	1	1
	Strong	0	0
Negative words	Afraid	1	1
	Ashamed	1	1
	Distressed	2	2
	Guilty	1	1
	Hostile	0	0
	Irritable	0	0
	Jittery	0	0
	Nervous	1	1
	Scared	1	1
	Upset	0	0

Table 7 Additional adjectives from health and well-being literature.

Source	Additional adjective	No. participants who used word	No. times word occurred overall
Brazier et al. (1992)	Apprehensive	0	0
	Impaired	0	0
	Painful	2	2
Kobau et al. (2010)	Calm	0	0
	Cheerful	0	0
	Peaceful	0	0
NEF (2009)	Autonomous	0	0
	Belonging	0	0
	Competent	0	0
	Meaningful	0	0
	Optimistic	0	0
	Purposeful	1	1
	Trusting	0	0
Watson and Clark (1999)	Amazed	6	17
	Happy	1	1
	Tired	2	2

Figure 1 Participant Aspects and Features/Themes.

Appendix Transcript Used to Test Coding Manual.

Codes	Interview transcript
Joking/giving info	PT: Hello Mum, hello Dad! They're both dead by the way! [talking into audio recorder]
	EA: Oh. [Laughs] Well it doesn't communicate with the other world.
Enjoying session
	PT: It's electrical, it might! [Laughs]
Enjoying session
	EA: Shall I take this off you? Then you can hold the objects.
Questioning/inviting touch
	PT: Yes, sure.
Agreeing
	EA: OK. Right.
	PT: [Coughing]
Stopping due to illness
	EA: Feel free to take a break whenever you want as well. We'll stop.
Giving info
	PT: I won't be able to stop myself.
	EA: Right so we have a piece of art … if I show you them all and then you can pick the first one you'd like to look at. This is a piece of art and then we have five other objects. So … that's very good. I didn't know you could do that?
Introducing session/object
Sharing power/passing over control	PT: You can do lots of stuff with that! It can save your legs.
	EA: OK. So which object do you fancy to have a pick up and look at?
Sharing knowledge	PT: Is that bronze? No it's plastic. Nice colour though.
Questioning/inviting touch/sharing power
	EA: There we go. Have a feel of that. Actually it is very close to the colour bronze, yeah.
Questioning/making observations/disclosing feelings
	PT: Uh-huh.
Inviting touch/confirming point/thinking/giving info
	EA: But it's natural. It's a natural thing.
Agreeing/one word answer
	PT: It's a shield is it?
Giving info
	EA: Yeah of sorts. A turtle.
Guessing game
Confirming point/thinking/giving info	PT: From a beetle?
Questioning/guessing game	EA: A turtle.
Correcting statements	PT: A turtle shell? Snapper? A little snapper?
Questioning/guessing game	EA: I guess so … well a hawksbill turtle it's called. It's a very … it's a baby one.
Confirming point/thinking/giving info	PT: Yes.
Agreeing/one word answer	EA: Yes, not got too old. In fact, when it gets bigger it becomes, um, it's the tortoiseshell that you see. You know tortoiseshell, when they get bigger those shells turn into tortoiseshell.
Giving info
	PT: We kill ’em to make things out of ’em.
	EA: Yes. Are you interested in animals at all?
Sharing knowledge
	PT: Yeah.
Confirming point/thinking/questioning
	EA: I think it must be amazing to see turtles in the sea. I've never seen one myself.
Agreeing/one word answer
	PT: Having been a building engineer and a hobbyist all my life, I wouldn't like to see it like this. I would like to see something made with it.
Disclosing feelings/giving info
	EA: I see.
Giving info/communicating opinions	PT: Something done with it.
	EA: Oh, yeah. More artefact?
Acknowledging point
Communicating opinions	PT: I think it should live on. Not as what it was but to progress by someone improving it in a way.
Confirming point/ thinking/questioning	EA: Yeah. Make a craft out of it … craft it. Well this comes from the zoology museum so I guess they keep it as a …
Disclosing feelings/communicating opinions	PT: It's nice. I like it.
Confirming point/thinking/giving info	EA: … specimen of …
Disclosing feelings	PT: Of course, yeah.
Giving info	EA: That's interesting though what you're saying. Have you ever made anything out of tortoiseshell?
Agreeing	PT: All the time.
Questioning	EA: Oh really?
	PT: Not necessarily tortoiseshell, no but out of many things.
Giving info
	EA: Oh. What sort of things do you make?
Questioning
	PT: Anything.
Giving info
	EA: Anything that takes your mind off …
Questioning
	PT: Yeah, not treen but maybe a face or something.
Giving info
	EA: Oh right. Very creative.
Questioning
	PT: What else have we got?
Giving info
	EA: Let's have a look.
Acknowledging point
	PT: Can you take them out for me? I don't want to …
Selecting object/questioning
Selecting object/sharing power	EA: It's not just you. They are quite difficult to get out actually. There we go. That's my mystery object I say to everyone.
Questioning/worrying about handling	PT: It's a mystery object is it?
Giving info/inviting touch	EA: Well it's quite difficult for people to guess what it is. Maybe you'll get it? I don't know.
	PT: It's weighty.
Questioning
	EA: It is.
Giving info/questioning
	PT: Not too heavy so it's not a meteorite. Well it could be but … it probably isn't heavy enough.
Making observations	EA: It's quite old.
Confirming point/thinking	PT: Yes a lovely shark tooth.
Making observations/guessing game	EA: Shark tooth, you got it! How do you know that then?
Giving info	PT: I don't know.
Agreeing/guessing game	EA: [Laughs].
Confirming point/thinking/questioning	PT: Not a Megaladon is it?
	EA: Yeah. Are you reading this?
Enjoying session
Seeking validation	PT: I'm not reading. How can I be reading?
Confirming point/thinking/questioning	EA: Because my sheet says sharks tooth, Megaladon with all the …
Giving info/questioning	PT: Well I can't see that.
Giving info/referring to aides	EA: Wow. Well so you know quite a lot about these things then? Or …
Giving info	PT: Let's go! It's your game I'm playing.
Questioning	EA: Yeah [laughs].
Guessing game	PT: Lucky guess.
Confirming point/thinking/enjoying session	EA: Lucky guess. Well I suppose it does look like a tooth. Once you realise it's a tooth and take a guess.
Being correct	PT: Well it took a bit … it's quite heavy. That surprised me.
Confirming point/thinking
	EA: Yes. Well it's fossilised so it's …
Making observations/disclosing feelings	PT: Absolutely.
Giving info	EA: But um … it's quite a spooky one in some ways, I think. To imagine the size of the whole animal
Agreeing	PT: Would be … you didn't expect me to get that did you?
Disclosing feelings/giving info	EA: No. Some people have got tooth but they've not got shark. Are you into your archaeology and …?
	PT: Not unduly. I'm just old.
Guessing game/being correct
	EA: [Laughs] You're interested in everything.
Confirming point/thinking/being correct/questioning
	PT: Well you get to learn a little bit of everything I suppose.
Giving info
	EA: Yeah. Well they've got a really good natural history museum at the university just down the road, the Grant Museum. It's kind of like a mini natural history museum. It's got lots of bits. Right anything else.
Questioning
	PT: What else have we got?
Communicating opinions
	EA: You're going for that one?
Giving info
	PT: Yeah, I'll let you do it.
Sharing power/passing over control
	EA: There we go. Yeah so that's …
Selecting objects	PT: A little bronze.
Selecting objects	EA: Yeah.
Agreeing	PT: From the bronze age is it? Don't tell me that's a tennis bat he's got in his hand!
Inviting touch	EA: [Laughs] No. They call it a rattle, a religious rattle, because it's a figure of a goddess.
Making observations	PT: Sure.
Confirming point/thinking	EA: Well let's think … is it bronze age?
Seeking validation/questioning	PT: Well it's bronze.
	EA: It's made of bronze so … it's 600 bc so that's a bit later than our Bronze Age but it's not from England. I don't know if you can guess where it's from?
Correcting statements/giving info
	PT: Egyptian?
Agreeing	EA: Yeah, yeah spot on. They did like cats and they had lots of depictions of cats.
Questioning	PT: That's right. I was going there or Inca-ish.
Making observations	EA: Somebody else said that actually and once they'd pointed it out I thought, yeah it does look South American or something doesn't it?
Giving info	PT: Yeah.
Guessing game	EA: But yes, that's a nice Egyptian figurine. It's the sort of thing you would have had in your house to worship …
Seeking validation	PT: A talisman.
Confirming point/thinking/giving info	EA: Yes, exactly.
Being correct/giving info	PT: We're doing well aren't we?
Giving info/questioning	EA: Do you know what the name of the goddess is?
	PT: Oh dear.
Agreeing/one word answer
	EA: It's not meant to be a test! [laughs]
Giving info
	PT: Um … no.
Sharing knowledge	EA: This one's called Bastet.
Confirming point/thinking	PT: Baster?
Guessing game	EA: Bastet.
Questioning	PT: Bastet. It's a female bastard?
	EA: Well! But she's goddess of family, birth, lots of other things.
Guessing game	PT: Birth I was going to say birth because of the carrying of the infant. Yes, that makes sense doesn't it?
	EA: Yes she's often associated with kittens or babies.
Giving info
	PT: Yep.
Hearing impaired
	EA: We couldn't quite fit a mummy in a box but we managed to get that one in!
Giving info
	PT: What is that? It looks like a handkerchief. It's not. It's a bit of …
Questioning/joking
	EA: This is from the geology collection so it's a rock sample. It's quite a pretty one.
Giving info.
	PT: A bit of mineral?
Making observations/communicating opinions/seeking validation
	EA: Yes. Have that. See what it feels like.
Confirming point/thinking
Agreeing/one word answer	PT: It's a petrified mineral or something?
Joking	EA: Yes it is. It's a hardened crystal called agate.
Questioning/making observations	PT: Yes.
Giving info	EA: It's made of silicon and quartz so it's close to other minerals like diamonds I suppose?
	PT: Petrified yeah?
Questioning
	EA: Yes. It's been polished up a bit so you can see one side's shinier than the other.
Confirming point/thinking/inviting touch
	PT: Yes.
Seeking validation
	EA: It comes in lots of different colours. You may have seen it in different colours because it's not the white that makes it agate, it's the banding around here.
Confirming point/thinking/giving info
	PT: Sure. Absolutely.
Agreeing/one word answer
	EA: It's distinctive. Have you ever made anything out of stone or mineral?
Giving info
	PT: Only ashtrays.
Seeking validation	EA: Ashtrays? Oh yeah. Well this could work as an ashtray if you had the other part.
Confirming point/thinking/making observations	PT: Or pot pourri pots. Things like that.
Agreeing/one word answer	EA: So you cut them and polish them?
Giving info	PT: Yeah. Not anymore but I have done.
	EA: Um, interesting. I've always thought that would be a nice …
Agreeing
	PT: I can't help myself. I'll be on holiday and I'll pick something up or I'll see something and I've just got to open it.
Giving info/questioning
	EA: Yes well that's how you find these things so yeah. I've never dared do that. I don't think I would be strong enough!
Giving info	PT: You've got to do it! You never know.
Questioning/disclosing feelings	EA: Yeah. You don't know what's in there.
	PT: You'd never have found the first dinosaur leg if you didn't dig up that hole or …
Giving info
	EA: That's true.
Questioning
	PT: So which is your favourite piece in here? You haven't shown me that one yet.
Agreeing/remembering/reminiscing
	EA: Oh yeah, that's a nice one. I quite like that one actually.
Communicating opinions
	PT: Axe head from the Stone Age?
Remembering/reminiscing
	EA: Well actually it is a bit later.
Confirming point/thinking/disclosing feelings	PT: A bit later than Stone Age are we?
Communicating opinions	EA: Yeah, it's Iron Age but obviously they were still using stone.
Confirming point/thinking
	PT: Flint?
Communicating opinions
	EA: Yeah. I mean they have iron but this is made of stone obviously.
Confirming point/thinking
	PT: A trick question! A very nice one. Well worked.
Questioning/selecting objects
	EA: Um.
Confirming point/thinking/disclosing feelings	PT: Been used.
Seeking validation	EA: Yep.
Correcting statements	PT: So it wasn't just …
Questioning	EA: It was obviously sharp at the beginning but that … you can see the wear and tear on it can't you?
Confirming point/thinking/giving info	PT: Yeah.
Seeking validation	EA: And I expect you can feel that polish on it?
Confirming point/thinking/giving info	PT: Oh yeah. And the hammer end. Wherever it was shafted there will be a smoother part where it was bounded with the leather or something.
Guessing game	EA: Oh yes.
Acknowledging point	PT: There.
Making observations	EA: Do you think … that would be the bit there?
Confirming point/thinking	PT: Yes.
Questioning	EA: Yes. Oh yes.
Giving info/making observations/questioning	PT: Wouldn't it?
Agreeing/one word answer	EA: Yes, you're the first person to point that out actually. Well the first picture …
Inviting touch	PT: Oh you've got a picture of it? You're keeping them from me aren't you!?
Agreeing/sharing knowledge	EA: I keep forgetting that they're there. You can see that would have been the shaft bit and two pieces of wood up there.
	PT: So it would have been shafted there and it would have been bound on?
Confirming point/thinking	EA: Yeah and that would have worn it away I suppose.
Making observations
	PT: Yes, it would be smooth wouldn't it?
Questioning
	EA: Yes.
Agreeing/one word answer
	PT: Yeah, this blade occurred more recently. I could see that because it … the chip wouldn't have been so sharp if was done a long time ago.
Confirming point/thinking
	EA: Oh I see, it would have worn away?
Seeking validation
	PT: Yeah it would have been smoother, the chip. Somebody's dropped it.
Confirming point/thinking/giving info
	EA: Yeah, you're like Sherlock Holmes actually. Picking up lots of these things really just by looking at them. I think that probably comes from working things yourself doesn't it? You can see the materials you work with. How interesting. Do you like archaeology?
Referring to aides/questioning/joking
	PT: Well I told you, I'm just old.
Giving info/referring to aides
	EA: [Laughs].
Questioning/making observations	PT: So I know nothing. I might be a plant.
	EA: [Laughs] Oh we still haven't done the art. Do you want to have a look at that?
Confirming point/thinking/giving info
	PT: The art?
Agreeing/seeking validation
	EA: It's the last one.
Confirming point
	PT: Yeah, what have you got? A rubbing?
Making observations/communicating opinions/sharing knowledge
	EA: Well it's not a rubbing. It's a print.
Questioning
	PT: A print. That looked like a rubbing under the paper.
Sharing knowledge/making observations
	EA: Yeah absolutely. So that's the print that came from this plate. This is the plate.
Confirming point/thinking/making observations/
	PT: The plate's actually survived.
Questioning
	EA: Yes.
Disclosing feelings
	PT: I'm not going to stain it?
Enjoying session
	EA: No.
Communicating opinions
	PT: So this was etched?
Selecting objects
Questioning	EA: Yeah, it's an etching.
Questioning	PT: And inked?
Giving info	EA: Yeah.
Agreeing/questioning	PT: Etched and inked.
Correcting statements	EA: So you used the acid … do you know the process?
Questioning/making observations	PT: Basically …
Confirming point/thinking/giving info	EA: Well you cover this with wax to start off with, you dig your design into the wax, then dip it into an acid bath and that actually cuts away into the copper, where you've cut into the wax.
Questioning	PT: Where you've cut into the wax, yeah.
Confirming point/thinking	EA: Then cover it in ink and then wipe off most of the ink and then all the ink stays in the little grooves and then that's what's printed on there. It's quite an intricate process.
Worrying about handling	PT: And you make it one out of fifty.
Confirming point/thinking	EA: Yeah, you have to re-ink it I guess.
Questioning	PT: Re-ink it.
Confirming point/thinking	EA: You can definitely see the differences … the collection is quite interesting. You can see the differences in the early prints and later ones because the ink literally starts to run out and gets lighter and lighter.
Questioning	PT: Absolutely. Oh my. Why would someone go to such great trouble to do that?
Confirming point/thinking	EA: Yeah.
Reiterating point	PT: What is it that they are actually trying to show you behind? Is it the works behind?
Questioning	EA: Yeah. Because he could have just drawn it but it's interesting that you would choose to do …
Agreeing	PT: Conceal it?
Giving info	EA: Yes. Interesting.
	PT: Beautiful work.
Reiterating point	EA: Yes, it's very skilful.
Giving info	PT: Absolutely. The straight lines and the nuts and bolts of the … even the twisting the mill.
	EA: Yeah, gosh I mean to think you're not drawing that, you're … that's in wax.
Questioning	PT: Absolutely. Much harder.
Giving info	EA: Yeah. Well this guy was quite a child star. He joined the Slade School of Art …
Reiterating point	PT: Child star?
Making observations	EA: Well not quite child. He was 16 when he joined the Slade School of Art, which was much younger than most people.
	PT: It's excellent. May I look at it please?
	EA: Yeah, have a look at that one.
Agreeing/questioning
	PT: Oh yeah.
Confirming point/thinking	EA: Do you recognise the place at all? I ask people that. I don't know whether you've been there?
Questioning	PT: No. I was trying to. I was trying to.
	EA: It's Teddington Lock or Weir.
Confirming point/thinking giving info
	PT: Teddington Lock is it?
Questioning
	EA: I don't know if you've ever been? I've never been there actually so I wouldn't recognize it.
Confirming point/thinking
	PT: I've been to Teddington Lock but I didn't recognize it.
Disclosing feelings
Confirming point/thinking	EA: It's called Teddington Weir in this.
Agreeing/making observations	PT: The weir is behind.
	EA: Is that different because …
Confirming point/thinking giving info
	PT: We can see the weir behind can't we?
Agreeing/communicating opinions
	EA: Oh that bit there?
Confirming point/thinking giving info
	PT: That would be the weir.
Questioning
	EA: And this is the lock. That's right.
Giving info
	PT: Right. Yeah. It's very good isn't it?
Disclosing feelings/questioning	EA: Yes it is isn't it? It's quite nice to see the two together actually because you usually see the end product.
Inviting touch	PT: Absolutely, yeah.
Agreeing	EA: It's quite nice that the art collection have kept the plate as well so. That's the last object so I don't know if you want to hold anything again or are you ready to finish?
Questioning	PT: No, I'm happy. You've made my day.
	EA: Oh good.
Making observations
	PT: I'd like another look at the sharks tooth actually.
Giving info
	EA: Yeah, go for it. Yeah.
Questioning
	PT: Um.
Questioning/giving info
	EA: Have you ever swum with sharks?
Giving info/remembering/reminiscing	PT: No.
Giving info	EA: A woman the other day had …
Making observations	PT: Away from them! [laughs]
Questioning	EA: [Laughs] Absolutely.
Questioning	PT: I've fished for them but I've never swam with them.
Questioning	EA: Oh really, you've fished for them? Yeah.
Sharing knowledge	PT: I've fished for the smaller ones like spurdog and the tote and things like that but not for the larger ones.
Making observations	EA: No.
Agreeing/disclosing feelings	PT: I wouldn't fish for something I can't eat. I can't eat a shark. Not a whole shark.
Confirming point/thinking/disclosing feelings	EA: Not one for dinner?
Agreeing	PT: I was never one for wanting killing.
Disclosing feelings/giving info	EA: Yeah.
Inviting touch	PT: I wouldn't go and kill a load of fish.
Disclosing feelings/enjoying session	EA: Yeah and then do nothing with them.
	PT: I might catch a couple for dinner.
Re-viewing objects
	EA: Yeah I think that's quite nice actually.
Giving permission
	PT: That's good fun.
	EA: Yeah and there's a use for that.
Questioning
	PT: It's like killing two women when you only need one! [laughs]
One word answer
Giving info	EA: [Laughs]
Joking	PT: I'm joking! Of course, he's got a never-ending supply of these, this chap?
Enjoying session	Ea: Yeah. Well somebody told me that they re-grow. Is that right?
Giving info	PT: Yeah. They just … one breaks and they just grow.
Questioning	EA: Amazing isn't it? I wish we could have that.
Giving info/remembering/reminiscing	PT: Well I've got mine coming next week! [laughs]
	EA: [Laughs]
Communicating opinions/joking	PT: So we have really got that.
	EA: I suppose so. The human brain has thought up a solution to it.
Joking
Giving info	PT: I've got everything coming. A lot happening nowadays. I'm having new lungs as well. It just shows you don't it?
Confirming point/thinking	EA: Absolutely.
Disclosing feelings	PT: Everything we touch. I'm holding your … I really enjoyed that. Thank you very much.
Confirming point/thinking	EA: Oh good. Something a bit different?
Communicating opinions	PT: It gave me something to do that I never had to do before.
Disclosing feelings	EA: Yeah.
Disclosing feelings	PT: I enjoyed it. It didn't just take up ten minutes. I actually enjoyed the time.
Confirming point/thinking	EA: Oh good. That's what we want to find out as well. We're just … it's just a mad idea, whether it's actually interesting.
Joking	PT: I don't think it's a mad idea at all. Anybody who can … with intellect … a small one, can get into something in here. You're going to come across people who go, “I hate that”. You're going to get it. And then you're going to get someone who's going to fall all over it and not going to let you go. You know?
	EA: Yeah exactly.
Enjoying session
	PT: But I thoroughly enjoyed it.
Making observations/questioning
	EA: Oh good. That's really good news.
Giving info/questioning	PT: So how many more boxes have you got?
Agreeing/sharing knowledge	EA: Well we've got a couple.
Disclosing feelings	PT: Oh well I'll see you again.
Giving info	EA: We'll come around again.
Enjoying session	PT: Yeah I'll see you again.
Communicating opinions	EA: My colleague, who's got the other box, she's talking to that gentleman over there. Are we OK to do the … measures again?
Confirming point/thinking/giving info	PT: Yeah. Do they actually pay you to do this?
Giving info	EA: Yeah.
	PT: That's alright then.
Seeking validation
	EA: They got a grant.
Confirming point/thinking
	PT: Give us a job. I could do that. Get a grant!
Enjoying session	EA: It's a research grant so it's … we've got to come up with the goods afterwards to say “oh yes it definitely helps people”.
Questioning	PT: I think it does. Especially if you've got somebody a bit down in the dumps and a bit … Somebody might not be getting visitors so something like that.
Giving info	EA: Yeah.
Acknowledging point	PT: Some people don't. I've noticed that they don't get any. It might …
	EA: It's a long time to spend by yourself?
Enjoying session
Giving info/disclosing feelings	PT: Can be yeah, can be.
Communicating opinions	EA: So it's … right so
Seeking validation
Confirming point/thinking
Enjoying session
Disclosing feelings
Questioning
Giving info
Giving info
Giving info
Agreeing/giving info
Questioning
Agreeing/questioning
Confirming point/thinking
Communicating opinions
Giving info
Communicating opinions/joking
Giving info
Communicating opinions/sharing knowledge
Acknowledging point
Sharing knowledge
Making observations
Agreeing/communicating opinions

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