Validation of metabolisable energy prediction equation for de-oiled corn distillers dried grains with solubles fed to finishing pigs

Figures & data

Table 1. Analysed nutrient composition and metabolisable energy level of de-oiled DDGS (% of DM, except otherwise stated)^a.

	De-oiled DDGS
Item
Dry matter, %	91.29
Crude protein	32.79
Calcium	0.09
Total phosphorus	0.64
Ash	4.80
Ether extract	3.98
Neutral detergent fibre	39.09
Acid detergent fibre	13.59
Gross energy, kcal/kg DM	4892
Essential amino acids
Arginine	0.87
Histidine	0.74
Isoleucine	0.94
Leucine	3.43
Lysine	0.79
Methionine	0.46
Phenylalanine	1.36
Threonine	0.97
Tryptophan	0.16
Valine	1.29
Non-essential amino acids
Alanine	2.32
Asparagine	1.73
Cystine	0.41
Glutamine	2.97
Glycine	0.89
Proline	2.44
Serine	4.11
Tyrosine	0.62
ME from prediction equations, kcal/kg DM^b	3248
ME from NRC (2012), kcal/kg DM	3476

a All analysis were conducted in duplicates.

b The de-oiled DDGS ME (kcal/kg DM) prediction equation was ME = 4066 – (46.3×% NDF) + (45.8×% CP) – (106.2×% ash), with NDF, CP and ash expressed on DM.

Table 2. Analysed fatty acid profile of de-oiled DDGS (% of oil)^a.

Item	De-oiled DDGS
C8:0	0.02
C10:0	0.02
C12:0	0.02
C14:0	0.08
C15:0	0.03
C16:0	18.73
C16:1n-7	0.20
C17:0	0.11
C18:0	2.65
C18:1n-9	20.27
C18:2n-6	53.76
C18:3n-6	0.07
C18:3n-3	2.23
C20:0	0.43
C20:1n-9	0.03
C21:0	0.09
C20:2n-6	0.08
C22:0	0.52
C22:1n-9	0.16
C22:2	0.06
C23:0	0.08
C24:0	0.37
Total MUFA	20.66
Total PUFA	56.20
Total SFA	23.14
UFA:SFA ratio	3.32
PUFA:SFA ratio	2.43
Iodine value	116.89

a All analysis were conducted in duplicates.

Table 3. Ingredient composition of the experimental diets (% as-fed).

	Control	Prediction equation	NRC (2012)
Ingredient, %
Corn	74.98	54.62	55.81
Soybean	21.48	9.58	9.57
Low-oil DDGS	–	30.00	30.00
Soybean oil	1.19	3.33	2.15
Dicalcium phosphate	0.72	0.14	0.14
Limestone	0.78	1.19	1.19
Salt	0.35	0.35	0.35
l-Lysine HCl	–	0.29	0.29
Vitamin and mineral premix^a	0.50	0.50	0.50
Composition (calculated value)
SID Lys, %	0.69	0.69	0.69
ME, kcal/kg	3300	3300	3300
SID Lys:ME, g/Mcal	2.09	2.09	2.09
SID Met:Lys, %	32.25	37.93	37.14
SID Met and Cys:Lys, %	67.27	73.31	73.26
SID Thr:Lys, %	70.86	68.74	68.27
SID Trp:Lys, %	24.35	18.25	18.98
Total Lys, %	0.80	0.84	0.84
CP, %	14.72	17.40	17.49
Ca, %	0.51	0.51	0.51
P, %	0.46	0.46	0.46
Dig P, %	0.21	0.22	0.22

a Premix provided the following per kg of complete diet for finishing pigs: vitamin A, 5512 U; vitamin D₃, 2200 U; vitamin E, 30 U; vitamin K₃, 2.2 mg; vitamin B₁₂, 27.6 μg; riboflavin, 4 mg; pantothenic acid, 13.8 mg; niacin, 30 mg; choline chloride, 400 mg; folacin, 0.7 mg; thiamine, 1.5 mg; pyridoxine, 3 mg; biotin, 44 μg; Mn, 40 mg; Fe, 75 mg; Zn, 75 mg; Cu, 100 mg; I, 0.3 mg; Se, 0.3 mg.

Table 4. Effects of method of metabolisable energy calculation in the diets on the performance of finishing pigs.

Item	Control	Prediction equation	NRC (2012)	SEM	p value
ADFI, kg	2.86	2.79	2.84	0.08	0.585
ADG, kg	0.91^a	0.90^a	0.84^b	0.02	0.027
Feed efficiency	0.32^a	0.32^a	0.29^b	0.01	0.034

^a,bMeans with the same row without common superscripts differ significantly (p < 0.05).

Table 5. Effects of method of metabolisable energy calculation in the diets on the carcass traits of finishing pigs.

Item	Control	Prediction equation	NRC (2012)	SEM	p value
Hot carcass weight, kg	85.87^a	86.93^a	83.83^b	1.60	0.018
Dressing percentage, %	75.33	77.75	76.96	1.35	0.643
Carcass length, cm	94.75	91.13	92.00	0.96	0.265
Tenth rib fat depth, mm	26.67	32.38	28.63	2.73	0.384
Longissimus muscle area, cm^2	68.03^a	62.35^a	54.26^b	2.19	0.005
pH45 min	6.35	6.23	6.16	0.08	0.424
pH24 h	5.44	5.48	5.56	0.05	0.260
L* Light	50.76	47.94	50.37	2.49	0.825
a* Redness	6.66	6.94	6.43	0.64	0.754
b* Yellowness	3.44^b	5.76^a	6.36^a	0.56	0.019
Drip loss, %	4.90	4.70	6.54	1.32	0.745
Intramuscular fat content, %	7.96	8.28	7.19	1.52	0.837

^a,bMeans with the same row without common superscripts differ significantly (p < 0.05).

Table 6. Effects of method of metabolisable energy calculation in the diets on the fatty acid composition in jowl fat of finishing pigs.

Item	Control	Prediction equation	NRC (2012)	SEM	p value
Jowl fat sample, fatty acid, % of total fat
C14:0	1.11	0.97	1.06	0.04	0.228
C16:0	21.48	20.24	21.43	0.64	0.650
C16:1n-7	2.00	1.78	1.86	0.11	0.771
C18:0	10.51	11.27	11.79	0.47	0.673
C18:1n-9	44.67	44.03	46.06	0.73	0.259
C18:2n-6	15.81	17.12	13.51	1.08	0.318
C18:3n-3	0.91	0.92	0.78	0.08	0.870
C20:0	0.20	0.22	0.24	0.02	0.650
C20:1n-9	0.93	0.91	1.14	0.09	0.638
C20:3n-3	0.16	0.16	0.16	0.01	0.868
C20:3n-6	0.11	0.12	0.10	0.01	0.234
C20:4n-6	0.27	0.28	0.20	0.02	0.096
Total SFA	34.83	34.35	35.92	0.99	0.729
Total MUFA	47.65	46.79	49.14	0.76	0.322
Total PUFA	17.42	18.78	14.88	1.18	0.281
UFA:SFA ratio	1.88	1.92	1.79	0.08	0.930
PUFA:SFA ratio	0.51	0.55	0.42	0.05	0.387
Iodine value	70.91	72.47	67.81	1.78	0.448

Table 7. Effects of method of metabolisable energy calculation in the diets on the fatty acid composition in belly fat of finishing pigs.

Item	Control	Prediction equation	NRC (2012)	SEM	p value
Fatty acid, % of total fat
C14:0	1.13	1.17	1.15	0.05	0.665
C16:0	23.05	23.21	23.35	0.66	0.663
C16:1n-7	1.07	1.28	1.38	0.11	0.358
C18:0	16.84	16.51	16.73	0.74	0.674
C18:1n-9	32.65	33.63	36.87	1.33	0.341
C18:2n-6	20.89	19.95	16.44	1.77	0.467
C18:3n-3	1.20	1.07	1.02	0.11	0.338
C20:0	0.23	0.25	0.26	0.02	0.746
C20:1n-9	0.55	0.64	0.72	0.05	0.433
C20:3n-6	0.10	0.09	0.08	0.01	0.607
C20:4n-6	0.30	0.26	0.22	0.03	0.386
Total SFA	42.83	42.65	42.83	1.07	0.655
Total MUFA	34.31	35.58	39.01	1.39	0.379
Total PUFA	22.78	21.69	18.06	1.88	0.467
UFA:SFA ratio	1.34	1.35	1.34	0.06	0.658
PUFA:SFA ratio	0.54	0.51	0.42	0.05	0.603
Iodine value	69.01	68.12	64.84	2.36	0.512

Table 8. Effects of method of metabolisable energy calculation in the diets on the plasma indexes of finishing pigs.

Item	Control	Prediction equation	NRC (2012)	SEM	p value
Plasma urea nitrogen, mmol/l	4.22	3.81	3.76	0.39	0.501
Total protein, g/l	55.98	65.00	63.76	2.98	0.242
Glucose, mmol/l	5.97^a	5.06^ab	4.10^b	0.39	0.014
Triglycerides, mmol/l	0.38	0.44	0.40	0.08	0.715
Total cholesterol, mmol/l	2.30	2.16	1.93	0.23	0.256
High-density lipoprotein, mmol/l	0.69	0.70	0.63	0.07	0.543
Low-density lipoprotein, mmol/l	2.65^a	2.16^ab	1.92^b	0.22	0.003
Very low-density lipoprotein,  mmol/l	0.24	0.26	0.21	0.01	0.265
Lipase, U/ml	7.85^b	9.53^a	6.53^c	0.42	0.004
Insulin, uIU/ml	14.59	15.75	15.52	0.87	0.557
Growth hormone, ng/ml	4.02	4.34	4.40	0.27	0.585
Leptin, ng/ml	8.35^a	8.37^a	4.39^b	0.43	<0.001

^a,b,cMeans with the same row without common superscripts differ significantly (p < 0.05).

NRC. 2012. Nutrient requirements of swine. 11th ed. Washington (DC): National Research Council, Academy Press.

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