Carbohydrate digestion and predicted glycemic index of bakery/confectionary ex-food intended for pig nutrition

Figures & data

Table 1. Chemical composition of control feed ingredients, and mean value of the six former food products, and feed formulated without (Feed CTR) or with the inclusion of FFP (Feed FFP30%).

Item	Moisture^b	Crude protein^c	Ether extract^c	Neutral detergent fibre^c	Sugars^c	Starch^c	Ash^c
Unprocessed maize	84	103	42	101	15	700	15
Heat processed wheat^a	109	101	15	126	28	714	14
FFP1^a	74	9.2	117	101	257	459	22
FFP2^a	87	115	110	157	221	423	32
FFP3^a	85	12	99	162	201	446	34
FFP4^a	81	91	48	54	124	734	14
FFP5^a	87	109	104	77	202	564	21
FFP6^a	62	73	129	56	273	515	18
Feed CTR	91	208	59	126	72	362	56
Feed FFP30%	97	206	59	91	97	426	49

FFP – former food product.

^aSome of the nutritional facts (moisture, crude protein, ether extract, neutral detergent fibre, starch and ash) of this material are taken from Giromini et al. 2017.

^bg kg⁻¹, as is.

^cg kg⁻¹, dry matter.

Table 2. Hydrolysis index, predicted glycaemic index, and model parameters of unprocessed maize and heat processed wheat, former food products (FFP) 1–6, and feed formulated without (Feed CTR) or with the inclusion of FFP (Feed FFP30%) and relative standard deviation (SD) (n replicates = 2).

Item	HI		pGI		C0		C∞		k
Unprocessed maize	81.1500	(0.4100)	82.1000	(0.4200)	1.0400	(0.1400)	74.8600	(1.6800)	0.0500	(0.0021)
Heat processed wheat	93.5900	(1.3800)	94.8100	(1.4000)	1.7700	(0.0000)	80.7900	(0.0000)	0.1200	(0.0001)
FFP1	113.4100	(0.3300)	114.8900	(0.3400)	4.1300	(0.1600)	97.6500	(0.0500)	0.1200	(0.0014)
FFP2	109.5300	(2.6600)	110.9600	(2.7000)	4.7300	(0.2500)	91.6700	(3.4700)	0.1900	(0.0608)
FFP3	100.0800	(6.4100)	101.3800	(6.4900)	5.3700	(0.0500)	87.0000	(7.0900)	0.0900	(0.0205)
FFP4	86.0100	(1.0700)	87.1300	(1.0800)	0.9200	(0.1600)	78.8700	(0.0900)	0.0900	(0.0092)
FFP5	104.7000	(1.5400)	106.0600	(1.5600)	2.8600	(1.0400)	87.1100	(1.8300)	0.1300	(0.0374)
FFP6	113.4500	(1.0900)	114.9200	(1.1100)	2.8700	(0.2300)	99.7500	(0.1600)	0.1200	(0.0099)
Feed CTR	83.7400	(1.9800)	84.8300	(2.0100)	13.7000	(0.3300)	64.4400	(2.0700)	0.1200	(0.0066)
Feed FFP30%	81.1700	(1.5100)	82.2300	(1.5300)	10.6000	(0.6400)	62.3200	(1.4700)	0.2100	(0.0205)
P	0.0500		0.0500		0.0500		0.0500		0.0500
MSD	9.3500		9.4700		1.6000		10.3500		0.0990

FFP -- former food product; HI – calculated using white bread as a reference (HI = 100); pGI – predicted glycemic index calculated using the equation proposed by Giuberti, Gallo, Cerioli, et al. (2011); C₀ – carbohydrates digested at 0 min (g/100 g dry carbohydrates); C_∞ – potential digestibility of carbohydrates (g/100 g dry carbohydrates); k – rate of carbohydrate digestion (/min); MSD – minimum significant difference.

Figure 1. Rate of carbohydrate digestion (/min), k, of cereal grains (unprocessed maize and heat processed wheat) and former food products (FFPs) 1–6, and feed formulated without (Feed CTR) or with the inclusion of FFP (Feed FFP30%) and relative standard deviation (n replicates = 2). FFP -- former food product.

Figure 2. Loading plots from principal component analysis describing the relationship between the predicted glycaemic index (pGI), rate of carbohydrate digestion (k), and selected chemical compounds (CP: crude protein; EE: ether extract; FFP: former food product; NDF: neutral detergent fibre, and starch) in maize and heat processed wheat, FFPs 1–6, and compound feed formulated without or with the inclusion of FFPs.

Figure 3. Time course of average cumulative in vitro carbohydrate digestion (as a fraction of total carbohydrates) of cereal grains (unprocessed maize and heat processed wheat) and former food products (FFPs) 1–6, and feed formulated without (Feed CTR) or with the inclusion of FFPs (Feed FFP30%) (n replicates = 2). FFP – former food product.

Figure 4. Time course of average absolute in vitro total carbohydrate digestion (as a fraction of total carbohydrates/min) of cereal grains (unprocessed maize and heat processed wheat) and former food products (FFPs) 1–6, and feed formulated without (Feed CTR) or with the inclusion of FFPs (Feed FFP30%) (n replicates = 2). FFP – former food product.

Giromini C, Ottoboni M, Tretola M, Marchis D, Gottardo D, Caprarulo V, Baldi A, Pinotti L. 2017. Nutritional evaluation of former food products (ex-food) intended for pig nutrition. Food Addit Contam: Part A. 34:1436–1445.

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