Response of Japanese quails (Coturnix coturnix japonica) to dietary inclusion of Moringa oleifera essential oil under heat stress condition

Figures & data

Table 1. Basal diet ration nutrient content and analysis (The dry matter content is given as %).

Raw materials	Quail chick feed (0–21 d)	Quail growing feed (22–42 d)
Corn	52.70	58.12
Soybean meal (% 44 CP)	26.35	10.65
Corn gluten meal	15.21	26.14
Di-kalsiyum fosfat	1.95	1.60
Lisin	1.20	1.10
Limestone	1.18	1.04
Metiyonin	0.50	0.44
Sodyum klorur	0.31	0.31
Sodyum bikarbonat	0.20	0.20
Salt	0.20	0.20
Vitamin-mineral premix^a	0.20	0.20
ME (Mj/kg)	12.97	13.50
Crude protein %	24	20
Moisture %	13.20	13.20
ASH %	5.19	3.85
Crude oil %	2.61	2.50
Lysine (%)	1.28	1.04
Calcium (%)	1.00	0.90
Total phosphorus (%)	0.72	0.60
Total sulphur amino acids %	0.71	0.71
Methionine (%)	0.50	0.38

^a The vitamin-mineral premix provided the following (per kg of diet): vitamin A, 6000 U; vitamin D₃, 1000 U; vitamin E, 15 mg/kg; vitamin K, 2 mg/kg; vitamin B₁, 3 mg; vitamin B₂, 4 mg; vitamin B₆, 4 mg; vitamin B₁₀, 0.03 mg; calcium–D-pantothenate, 15 mg; folic acid, 1 mg; niacin, 25 mg; D-biotin, 0.115 mg; Mg, 80 mg/kg; I, 0.15 mg/kg; Co, 0.2 mg/kg; Cu, 5 mg/kg; Fe, 60 mg/kg; Se, 1 mg/kg; Zn, 60 mg/kg.

ME: Metabolisable Energy; Mj: megajoules

Table 2. Effects of diet, temperature and their interaction on quail fattening performance under stress.

		BW, g		DBWG, g		Fi, g		FCR, g/g
	N	25 ^oC	37 ^oC	25 ^oC	37 ^oC	25 ^oC	37 ^oC	25 ^oC	37 ^oC
Control	80	185.88^a	178.56^a	5.31^ac	5.10^a	18.07^ad	17.09^ad	3.40^a	3.35^ad
MOEO 200 mg/kg	80	200.41^ac	204.36^cd	5.73^ac	5.84^bc	14.84^b	18.21^de	2.60^b	3.12^de
MOEO 400 mg/kg	80	209.99^bc	178.53^a	6.00^b	5.10^a	16.97^a	17.58^ae	2.86^ce	3.44^a
MOEO 600 mg/kg	80	185.63^ad	199.38^ac	5.30^ac	5.69^ab	14.50^b	19.75^c	2.74^bc	3.47^a
	SEM	7.53		0.22		0.40		0.09
Diet
Control		182.22		5.21		17.59		3.38^a
MOEO 200 mg/kg		202.38		5.78		16.53		2.86^c
MOEO 400 mg/kg		194.27		5.60		17.28		3.16^b
MOEO 600 mg/kg		192.51		5.50		17.13		3.11^b
	SEM	5.33		0.15		0.29		0.06
Temperature
25 ^oC		195.48		5.58		16.10		2.90
37 ^oC		190.21		5.44		18.16		3.35
	SEM	3.77		0.11		0.20		0.04
Source of variation (p-values)
Diet		.09		.09		.09		.00
Temperature		.33		.33		.00		.00
Temperature × Diet		.04		.04		.04		.00

a,b,c: Means within a column showing different superscripts are significantly different (p < 0.05). SEM: standard error of the mean; MOEO: Moringa oleifera essential oil; BW: body weight; DBWG: daily body weight gain; FCR: feed efficiency/conversion; FI: feed intake .

Table 3. Effects of diet, temperature and their interaction on internal organ weights (g/100g BW) on 21st-day quail under stress.

		Heart, %		Liver, %		Gizzard, %		Intestinal pH
	N	25 ^oC	37 ^oC	25 ^oC	37 ^oC	25 ^oC	37 ^oC	25 ^oC	37 ^oC
Control	24	1.01	0.82	5.06	2.51	4.11	2.51	6.80	6.97
MOEO 200 mg/kg	24	1.23	0.83	5.40	3.27	4.33	2.81	7.20	6.89
MOEO 400 mg/kg	24	1.25	0.95	4.57	3.01	3.90	3.45	6.80	6.95
MOEO 600 mg/kg	24	1.69	0.92	6.13	3.75	5.09	3.53	6.85	6.90
	SEM	0.15		0.48		0.38		0.11
Main effect means diet
Control		0.92		3.79		3.31		6.88
MOEO 200 mg/kg		1.03		4.34		3.57		7.05
MOEO 400 mg/kg		1.09		3.79		3.68		6.89
MOEO 600 mg/kg		1.31		4.94		4.31		6.87
	SEM	0.11		0.34		0.27		0.07
Temperature
25 ^oC		1.30		5.29		4.36		6.92
37 ^oC		0.88		3.14		3.08		6.93
	SEM	0.08		0.24		0.19		0.05
Source of variation (p-values)
Diet		.09		.08		.09		.25
Temperature		.00		.00		.00		.87
Temperature × Diet		.24		.75		.39		.09

a,b,c: Means within a column showing different superscripts are significantly different (p < .05). SEM: standard error of the mean; MOEO: Moringa oleifera essential oil; BW: body weight.

Table 4. Effects of diet. temperature and their interaction on internal organ weights (g/100g BW) on 42st-day quail under stress.

		Heart, %		Spleen, %		Proventriculus, %		Liver, %		Gizzard, %		Intestinal pH
	N	25 ^oC	37 ^oC	25 ^oC	37 ^oC	25 ^oC	37 ^oC	25 ^oC	37 ^oC	25 ^oC	37 ^oC	25 ^oC	37 ^oC
Control	24	1.06	1.02	0.09	0.08	0.68	0.56	3.50	2.84	2.28	2.39	7.91^ac	7.76^a
MOEO 200 mg/kg	24	1.19	0.78	0.09	0.09	0.66	0.57	4.15	2.98	2.63	2.33	7.89^ac	8.05^cd
MOEO 400 mg/kg	24	1.07	0.95	0.07	0.10	0.60	0.53	3.34	3.28	2.44	2.71	7.88^ac	7.97^a
MOEO 600 mg/kg	24	1.42	1.04	0.09	0.08	0.80	0.60	6.53	3.17	3.13	2.57	7.67^c	8.34^bd
	SEM	0.11		0.01		0.08		0.64		0.23		0.12
Main effect means diet
Control		1.04		0.08		0.62		3.17		2.33		7.83
MOEO 200 mg/kg		0.98		0.09		0.62		3.57		2.48		7.97
MOEO 400 mg/kg		1.01		0.09		0.56		3.31		2.57		7.93
MOEO 600 mg/kg		1.23		0.09		0.70		4.85		2.85		8.00
SEM		0.08		0.01		0.05		0.45		0.16		0.08
Temperature
25 ^oC		1.18		0.09		0.69		4.38		2.62		7.84
37 ^oC		0.95		0.09		0.56		3.07		2.50		8.03
	SEM	0.06		0.01		0.04		0.32		0.11		0.06
Source of variation (p-values)
Diet		.15		.97		.35		.06		.17		.49
Temperature		.01		.68		.03		.01		.46		.04
Temperature × Diet		.29		.37		.85		.08		.28		.01

a,b,c: Means within a column showing different superscripts are significantly different (p < .05). SEM: standard error of the mean; MOEO: Moringa oleifera essential oil; BW: body weight.

Table 5. Effects of diet, temperature and their interaction on meat quality and colour parameters on 21st-day quail under stress.

		L*		a*		b*		TBARS, mg MDA/kg		pH
	N	25 ^oC	37 ^oC	25 ^oC	37 ^oC	25 ^oC	37 ^oC	25 ^oC	37 ^oC	25 ^oC	37 ^oC
Control	24	46.85	38.44	14.34	17.50	15.46	10.32	0.62	0.58	6.17^a	6.35
MOEO 200 mg/kg	24	40.69	43.14	14.05	16.78	11.45	14.71	0.52	0.81	6.32^ab	6.28
MOEO 400 mg/kg	24	52.87	42.45	17.42	15.43	13.18	13.44	0.30	1.10	6.24^ab	6.36
MOEO 600 mg/kg	24	39.31	39.18	15.53	16.33	13.85	10.69	0.79	0.45	6.43^b	6.38
	SEM	3.99		1.78		1.73		0.19		0.03
Main effect means
Control		42.65		15.92		12.89		0.59		6.26 ^a
MOEO 200 mg/kg		41.92		15.42		13.08		0.66		6.30^ab
MOEO 400 mg/kg		47.66		16.43		13.31		0.70		6.30^ab
MOEO 600 mg/kg		39.25		15.93		12.27		0.62		6.40^b
	SEM	2.82		1.26		1.22		0.14		0.02
Temperature
25^oC		44.93		15.34		13.49		0.56		6.29
37^oC		40.81		16.51		12.29		0.74		6.34
	SEM	1.99		0.89		0.87		0.09		0.01
Source of variation (p-values)
Diet		.24		.95		.94		.95		.00
Temperature		.16		.36		.34		.22		.03
Temperature × Diet		.33		.48		.12		.06		.00

a,b,c: Means within a column showing different superscripts are significantly different (p < .05). SEM: standard error of the mean; MOEO: Moringa oleifera essential oil; BW: body weight; TBARS: thiobarbituric reactive substances; MDA: malondialdehyde..

Table 6. Effects of diet, temperature and their interaction on meat quality and colour parameters on 42st-day quail under stress.

		L*		a*		b*		TBARS (mg MDA/kg)		pH
	N	25 ^oC	37 ^oC	25 ^oC	37 ^oC	25 ^oC	37 ^oC	25 ^oC	37 ^oC	25 ^oC	37 ^oC
Control	24	45.93	55.35	24.75	16.17	19.54	17.38	0.62	1.16	6.04	5.81
MOEO 200 mg/kg	24	50.88	47.53	17.41	22.31	14.89	14.80	0.89	1.52	6.07	6.04
MOEO 400 mg/kg	24	51.28	49.01	18.89	17.02	16.17	15.91	0.32	0.59	6.05	5.98
MOEO 600 mg/kg	24	49.92	45.32	20.60	19.72	19.64	11.47	1.57	0.78	5.84	5.79
	SEM	2.18		1.94		1.66		0.29		0.04
Main effect means
Control		50.64		20.46		18.46		0.89		5.92^ab
MOEO 200 mg/kg		49.20		19.86		14.85		1.21		6.05^b
MOEO 400 mg/kg		50.15		17.96		16.04		0.45		6.02^ab
MOEO 600 mg/kg		47.62		20.16		15.55		1.17		5.82^a
	SEM	1.54		1.37		1.18		0.21		0.03
Temperature
25^oC		49.92		20.16		16.65		1.05		5.99
37^oC		48.88		19.06		15.78		0.81		5.92
	SEM	1.09		0.97		0.83		0.15		0.02
Source of variation (p-values)
Diet		.24		.95		.94		.95		.00
Temperature		.16		.36		.34		.22		.03
Temperature × Diet		.33		.48		.12		.06		.00

a,b,c: Means within a column showing different superscripts are significantly different (p < 0.05). SEM: standard error of the mean; MOEO: Moringa oleifera essential oil; BW: body weight; TBARS: thiobarbituric reactive substances; MDA: malondialdehyde.