Consequences of varying dietary calcium and phosphorus levels on lipid profile, antioxidant and immunity parameters of growing Egyptian geese

Figures & data

Table 1. Composition and chemical analysis of the basal diets as fed.

Item*	Ca 0.70 %		Ca 0.85 %
	P 0.35 %	P 0.45 %	P 0.35%	P 0.45 %
Ingredients (g/kg diet)
Yellow Corn	66.00	66.00	66.2	66.00
Soybean meal (44%)	18.34	18.26	18.4	18.34
Gluten meal (60%)	4.50	4.40	4.49	4.55
Wheat bran	8.13	8.13	7.50	7.50
Di Calcium phosphate	1.25	1.8	1.25	1.80
Limestone	0.82	0.45	1.20	0.85
Vit-min Premix**	0.30	0.30	0.30	0.30
NaCl	0.30	0.30	0.30	0.30
DL Methionine	0.12	0.12	0.12	0.12
L-Lysine HCl	0.24	0.24	0.24	0.24
Total	100	100	100	100
Calculated analysis***
Crude protein %	18.10	18.00	18.04	18.03
ME kcal/kg diet	2906	2902	2907	2902
Calcium %	0.70	0.70	0.85	0.85
Phosphorous (Avai.)	0.35	0.45	0.35	0.45
Lysine %	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00
Methionine + Cysteine %	0.75	0.75	0.75	0.75
Crude fibre %	3.68	3.66	3.63	3.62

*Ca: calcium and P: phosphorus

**Growth vitamin and Mineral premix Each 2.5 kg consists of : Vit A 12000, 000 IU; Vit D3, 2000, 000 IU; Vit. E. 10g; Vit k3 2 g; Vit B1, 1000 mg; Vit B2, 49g; Vit B6, 105 g; Vit B12, 10 mg; Pantothenic acid, 10 g; Niacin, 20 g, Folic acid, 1000 mg; Biotin, 50 g; Choline Chloride, 500 mg, Fe, 30 g; Mn, 40 g; Cu, 3 g; Co, 200 mg; Si, 100 mg and Zn, 45 g.

***Calculated according to NRC (1994).

Table 2. Lipid profile and antioxidant indices of growing geese as affected by the main effect of calcium and phosphorus levels.

Traits	Calcium levels (%)		P-value	Phosphorus levels (%)		P-value
	0.70 %	0.85 %		0.35 %	0.45 %
Lipid profile*
Triglycerides (mg/dL)	139.1 ± 18.1	135.6 ± 23.5	0.477	134.6 ± 22.6	140.1 ± 18.9	0.283
Total cholesterol (mg/dL)	186.4 ± 15.6	167.1 ± 18.0	0.004	163.0 ± 13.3	190.5 ± 12.5	<0.001
HDL cholesterol (mg/dL)	48.26 ± 1.56	46.49 ± 1.25	0.077	47.13 ± 2.07	47.62 ± 1.22	0.592
LDL cholesterol (mg/dL)	110.3 ± 19.6	93.49 ± 13.0	0.010	88.91 ± 9.49	114.9 ± 15.0	0.001
VLDL cholesterol (mg/dL)	27.82 ± 3.63	27.11 ± 4.69	0.477	26.92 ± 4.53	28.01 ± 3.78	0.283
Antioxidant parameters*
SOD (U/L)	149.0 ± 20.6	101.4 ± 19.0	<0.001	108.7 ± 26.8	141.6 ± 27.8	<0.001
CAT (U/L)	138.9 ± 15.8	91.32 ± 18.5	<0.001	101.3 ± 28.0	128.9 ± 26.6	0.001
MDA (nmol/ml)	3.650 ± 0.72	6.345 ± 0.88	<0.001	5.667 ± 1.59	4.329 ± 1.43	<0.001
GSH (ng/mL)	0.284 ± 0.04	0.187 ± 0.03	<0.001	0.206 ± 0.05	0.264 ± 0.06	<0.001

Means in the same row within each classification bearing different letters are significantly (P ≤ 0.05) different.

*HDL: high density lipoprotein, LDL: low-density lipoprotein, VLDL: very low-density lipoprotein, SOD: superoxide dismutase, CAT: catalase, MDA: malondialdehyde, GSH: reduced glutathione

Table 3. Lipid profile and antioxidant indices of growing geese as affected by the interaction among treatments.

Traits	0.70 % Ca		0.85 % Ca		P-value
	0.35 % P	0.45 % P	0.35 % P	0.45 % P
Lipid profile*
Triglycerides (mg/dL)	154.1 ± 7.86^a	124.1 ± 9.38^b	115.1 ± 8.95^b	156.0 ± 6.52^a	<0.001
Total cholesterol (mg/dL)	173.2 ± 6.96	199.5 ± 6.28	152.7 ± 8.93	181.5 ± 10.2	0.797
HDL cholesterol (mg/dL)	48.30 ± 2.32	48.21 ± 0.86	45.95 ± 1.07	47.02 ± 1.39	0.525
LDL cholesterol (mg/dL)	94.12 ± 10.3	126.5 ± 7.99	83.70 ± 6.12	103.3 ± 9.79	0.239
VLDL cholesterol (mg/dL)	30.81 ± 1.57^a	24.83 ± 1.88^b	23.02 ± 1.79^b	31.20 ± 1.30^a	<0.001
Antioxidant parameters*
SOD (U/L)	131.7 ± 7.27	166.3 ± 10.4	85.81 ± 13.1	117.0 ± 1.71	0.754
CAT (U/L)	125.1 ± 5.34	152.6 ± 5.21	77.53 ± 15.3	105.1 ± 7.00	0.999
MDA (nmol/ml)	4.260 ± 0.33	3.041 ± 0.23	7.073 ± 0.54	5.618 ± 0.27	0.588
GSH (ng/mL)	0.252 ± 0.01	0.315 ± 0.02	0.160 ± 0.02	0.213 ± 0.01	0.556

Means in the same row within each classification bearing different letters are significantly (P ≤ 0.05) different.

*HDL: high density lipoprotein, LDL: low-density lipoprotein, VLDL: very low-density lipoprotein, SOD: superoxide dismutase, CAT: catalase, MDA: malondialdehyde, GSH: reduced glutathione

Table 4. Immune parameters of growing geese as affected by the main effect of calcium and phosphorus levels.

Traits	Calcium levels (%)		P-value	Phosphorus levels (%)		P-value
	0.70 %	0.85 %		0.35 %	0.45 %
WBCS*	20.90 ± 7.22	33.73 ± 2.72	<0.001	23.71 ± 10.0	30.92 ± 4.34	<0.001
Heterophil %	17.26 ± 0.41	17.07 ± 0.31	0.067	17.01 ± 0.28	17.32 ± 0.40	0.004
lymphocyte%	56.74 ± 1.31	56.50 ± 0.91	0.533	56.89 ± 1.16	56.35 ± 1.03	0.155
Esinophile%	22.60 ± 1.30	22.52 ± 1.01	0.853	22.61 ± 1.33	22.51 ± 0.97	0.791
Monocyte%	1.572 ± 0.21	1.578 ± 0.19	0.935	1.556 ± 0.19	1.594 ± 0.21	0.572
Basophile %	1.600 ± 0.20	1.556 ± 0.22	0.532	1.544 ± 0.22	1.611 ± 0.20	0.350
NBT mg/ml	3.181 ± 0.62	4.388 ± 0.22	<0.001	3.468 ± 0.91	4.101 ± 0.40	<0.001
Neutrophil adherence Cell/field	9.827 ± 2.40	12.88 ± 0.48	<0.001	10.06 ± 2.64	12.64 ± 0.65	<0.001
Alpha-1 globulin (g/dL)	0.588 ± 0.05	0.543 ± 0.10	0.123	0.535 ± 0.09	0.597 ± 0.06	0.046
Alpha-2 globulin (g/dL)	0.835 ± 0.08	0.890 ± 0.11	0.405	0.872 ± 0.12	0.853 ± 0.08	0.777
Beta globulin (g/dL)	0.485 ± 0.08	0.833 ± 0.35	<0.001	0.813 ± 0.37	0.505 ± 0.07	0.001
Gamma globulin (g/dL)	0.842 ± 0.08	1.253 ± 0.47	<0.001	1.258 ± 0.47	0.837 ± 0.07	<0.001
bactericidal activity	105.9 ± 9.23	99.94 ± 2.39	<0.001	106.5 ± 8.69	99.39 ± 2.77	<0.001
Lysozyme activity	10.31 ± 2.99	12.81 ± 0.69	<0.001	9.903 ± 2.59	13.22 ± 0.48	<0.001
Phagocytic percentage (P%)	0.733 ± 0.16	0.921 ± 0.04	<0.001	0.750 ± 0.17	0.904 ± 0.04	<0.001
Phagocytic index (P.I.)	0.816 ± 0.12	0.911 ± 0.04	<0.001	0.809 ± 0.11	0.918 ± 0.04	<0.001
Serum CRP (mgLdl)	29.71 ± 1.61	31.67 ± 0.46	<0.001	29.79 ± 1.67	31.59 ± 0.58	<0.001

Means in the same row within each classification bearing different letters are significantly (P ≤ 0.05) different.

*WBCS: White blood cells, NBT: Nitoblue tetrazolium activity, CRP: C reactive protein

Table 5. Immune parameters of growing geese as affected by the interaction among treatments.

Traits	0.85 % Ca		0.70 % Ca		P-value
	0.35 % P	0.45 % P	0.35 % P	0.45 % P
WBCS*	14.27 ± 2.85^c	27.53 ± 1.96^b	33.15 ± 2.17^a	34.31 ± 3.20^a	<0.001
Heterophil %	16.96 ± 0.28^b	17.56 ± 0.27^a	17.05 ± 0.28^b	17.08 ± 0.36^b	0.008
lymphocyte%	57.07 ± 1.29	56.41 ± 1.31	56.72 ± 1.06	56.29 ± 0.72	0.766
Esinophile%	22.56 ± 1.56	22.64 ± 1.08	22.67 ± 1.16	22.38 ± 0.88	0.643
Monocyte%	1.556 ± 0.17	1.589 ± 0.24	1.556 ± 0.21	1.600 ± 0.18	0.935
Basophile %	1.600 ± 0.21	1.600 ± 0.21	1.489 ± 0.23	1.622 ± 0.20	0.350
NBT mg/ml	2.608 ± 0.21^c	3.753 ± 0.16^b	4.328 ± 0.22^a	4.449 ± 0.23^a	<0.001
Neutrophil adherence Cell/field	7.511 ± 0.25^d	12.14 ± 0.28^c	12.61 ± 0.30^b	13.14 ± 0.50^a	<0.001
Alpha-1 globulin (g/dL)	0.613 ± 0.04^a	0.563 ± 0.05^a	0.457 ± 0.04^b	0.630 ± 0.06^a	0.003
Alpha-2 globulin (g/dL)	0.830 ± 0.11	0.840 ± 0.08	0.913 ± 0.14	0.867 ± 0.10	0.663
Beta globulin (g/dL)	0.490 ± 0.12^b	0.480 ± 0.03^b	1.137 ± 0.12^a	0.530 ± 0.10^b	0.001
Gamma globulin (g/dL)	0.840 ± 0.09^b	0.843 ± 0.09^b	1.677 ± 0.13^a	0.830 ± 0.07^b	<0.001
bactericidal activity	113.6 ± 6.54^a	98.33 ± 2.83^b	99.44 ± 2.40^b	100.4 ± 2.40^b	<0.001
Lysozyme activity	7.449 ± 0.57^c	13.17 ± 0.53^a	12.36 ± 0.60^b	13.26 ± 0.45^a	<0.001
Phagocytic percentage (P %)	0.588 ± 0.06^c	0.879 ± 0.02^b	0.912 ± 0.04^ab	0.930 ± 0.03^a	<0.001
Phagocytic index (P.I.)	0.711 ± 0.04^b	0.920 ± 0.04^a	0.907 ± 0.04^a	0.916 ± 0.04^a	<0.001
Serum CRP (mgLdl)	28.21 ± 0.39^c	31.20 ± 0.55^b	31.37 ± 0.39^b	31.98 ± 0.28^a	<0.001

Means in the same row within each classification bearing different letters are significantly (P ≤ 0.05) different.

*WBCS: White blood cells, NBT: Nitoblue tetrazolium activity, CRP: C reactive protein