Effects of dietary chitosan oligosaccharides on oxidative stress and inflammation response in liver and spleen of yellow-feather broilers exposed to high ambient temperature

Figures & data

Table 1. Basal diet composition (as-fed basis).

Ingredients	Content (g/kg)
Corn	699.5
Soybean	221.0
Soybean oil	27.0
Calcium hydrogen phosphate	17.0
Shell power	19.3
Salt	3.5
Methionine	1.0
Lysine	0.5
Zeolite powder	8.0
Vitamin premix^a	1.6
Mineral premix^b	1.6
Calculated value
Metabolic energy, MJ/kg	12.65
Crude protein, %	162.9
Calcium, %	11.8
Total phosphorus, %	6.2
Available phosphorous, %	4.1
Methionine, %	3.6
Lysine, %	8.7
Methionine + Cystine, %	6.4
Threonine	6.6
Isoleucine	7.0
Valine	6.4
Tryptophan	1.8
Arginine	10.8

^aProvided per kilogram of complete diet: 12,8000IU trans-retinol; 1,600IU cholecalciferol; 60 IU α-tocopheryl acetate; 1.6 mg menadione; 0.12 mg biotin; 50 mg choline; 1.2 mg folic acid; 32 mg nicotinic acid; 16 mg pantothenic acid; 4.8 mg riboflavin; 2.4 mg thiamine, 3.2 mg pyridoxine; 0.03 mg cyanocobalamin.

^bProvided per kilogram of diet: Mg, 79 mg as manganese oxide; Zn, 60 mg as zinc oxide; Cu 100 mg as copper sulphate; Fe, 120 mg as iron sulphate; I, 0.96 mg as potassium iodine; Co, 0.16 mg as cobalt sulphate and Se, 0.24 mg as sodium selenite.

Figure 1. The ambient temperature and relative humidity during experimental period.

Table 2. Effects of chitosan oligosaccharides on growth performance of broilers under high ambient temperature.

Item^a	Dietary treatment			SEM^b	p Value
	Control	COS100	COS200		Linear	Quadratic
Day 1–21 (35–56 days of age)
ADG, g	25.12	24.09	22.32	1.20	0.118	0.800
ADFI, g	81.93	82.27	79.33	1.82	0.329	0.474
G:F	0.31	0.29	0.28	0.02	0.300	0.968
Day 22–42 (57–77 days of age)
ADG, g	18.92^c,d	16.05^d	20.90^c	0.98	0.172	0.006
ADFI, g	73.66^c	86.52^c,d	100.03^d	7.55	0.026	0.972
G:F	0.26	0.20	0.22	0.02	0.182	0.141
Day 43–56 (78–91 days of age)
ADG, g	13.70	14.29	15.70	1.52	0.367	0.825
ADFI, g	112.96	97.91	94.95	12.27	0.316	0.693
G:F	0.13	0.16	0.19	0.03	0.136	0.939
Day 1–56 (35–91 days of age)
ADG, g	19.25	18.14	19.64	0.77	0.720	0.185
ADFI, g	89.52	88.90	91.44	4.47	0.766	0.777
G:F	0.21	0.21	0.22	0.01	0.619	0.458

^aADG: average daily gain; ADFI: average daily feed intake; G:F: Gain:Feed ratio; COS: chitosan oligosaccharides; Control group, basal diet; COS100 group, basal diet with 100 mg/kg COS; COS200 group, basal diet with 200 mg/kg COS.

^bSEM: standard error of mean.

^c,dWithin the same row with different superscripts differ (p < .05).

Figure 2. Effects of chitosan oligosaccharides (COS) on serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) in yellow-feather broilers under high ambient temperature. Control group, basal diet; COS100 group, basal diet with 100 mg/kg COS; COS200 group, basal diet with 200 mg/kg COS. Values are mean ± standard error of mean. The values have different superscript letters are different (p < .05).

Figure 3. Effects of chitosan oligosaccharides (COS) on anti-oxidant status in serum of yellow-feather broilers under high ambient temperature. Control group, basal diet; COS100 group, basal diet with 100 mg/kg COS; COS200 group, basal diet with 200 mg/kg COS. MDA: malondialdehyde; SOD: superoxide dismutase; GSH-Px: glutathione peroxidase; CAT: catalase. Values are mean ± standard error of mean. The values have different superscript letters are different (p < .05).

Figure 4. Effects of chitosan oligosaccharides (COS) on anti-oxidant status in liver of yellow-feather broilers under high ambient temperature. Control group, basal diet; COS100 group, basal diet with 100 mg/kg COS; COS200 group, basal diet with 200 mg/kg COS. MDA: malondialdehyde; SOD: superoxide dismutase; GSH-Px: glutathione peroxidase; CAT: catalase. Values are mean ± standard error of mean. The values have different superscript letters are different (p < .05).

Figure 5. Effects of chitosan oligosaccharides (COS) on anti-oxidant status in spleen of yellow-feather broilers under high ambient temperature. Control group, basal diet; COS100 group, basal diet with 100 mg/kg COS; COS200 group, basal diet with 200 mg/kg COS. MDA: malondialdehyde; SOD: superoxide dismutase; GSH-Px: glutathione peroxidase; CAT: catalase. Values are mean ± standard error of mean. The values have different superscript letters are different (p < .05).

Figure 6. Effects of chitosan oligosaccharides (COS) on inflammatory cytokines in serum of yellow-feather broilers under high ambient temperature. Control group, basal diet; COS100 group, basal diet with 100 mg/kg COS; COS200 group, basal diet with 200 mg/kg COS. IL-1β: interleukin-1β; IL-10: interleukin-10; TNF-α: tumour necrosis factor-α. Values are mean ± standard error of mean. The values have different superscript letters are different (p < .05).

Figure 7. Effects of chitosan oligosaccharides (COS) on inflammatory cytokines in liver of yellow-feather broilers under high ambient temperature. Control group, basal diet; COS100 group, basal diet with 100 mg/kg COS; COS200 group, basal diet with 200 mg/kg COS. IL-1β: interleukin-1β; IL-10: interleukin-10; TNF-α: tumour necrosis factor-α. Values are mean ± standard error of mean.

Figure 8. Effects of chitosan oligosaccharides (COS) on inflammatory cytokines in spleen of yellow-feather broilers under high ambient temperature. Control group, basal diet; COS100 group, basal diet with 100 mg/kg COS; COS200 group, basal diet with 200 mg/kg COS. IL-1β: interleukin-1β; IL-10: interleukin-10; TNF-α: tumour necrosis factor-α. Values are mean ± standard error of mean.