Coated organic acids with essential oils in Japanese quail’s fed restricted during the 2^nd week of age: effects on performance, carcase traits, blood profile, antioxidants status, and caeca microbiota

Figures & data

Table 1. Ingredients and calculated analysis of the basal diet.

Ingredients (as fed basis), %
Yellow corn	56.2
Soybean meal	28.9
Corn gluten	10.0
DCP	1.7
Limestone	2.0
Salt	0.5
Premix	0.3
Methionine	0.1
Lysine	0.3
Calculated analysis
Metabolizable energy (ME), kcal/kg	2914
Crude protein (CP), %	24.03
Ether extract (EE), %	2.62
Crude fibre (CF), %	3.39
Calcium, %	1.21
Total P %	0.71
Avail. P%	0.45
Lysine, %	1.26
Methionine, %	0.53
Methionine + Cystine, %	0.93

* Each 3 kg premix contains: Vit. A,12,000,000 IU; Vit. D3 2,500,000 IU; Vit. E,10 g; Vit. K, 2.5 g; Vit. B2,5g; Vit. B6,1.5g; Vit. B12,10mg; Biotin,50mg; Folic acid,1.0g; Nicotinic acid,30mg; Pantothenic acid,10g; Antioxidant,10g; Mn,60g; Cu,10g; Zn,55g; Fe,35g; I, 1.0 g; Co,250mg and Se,150mg.

Table 2. Effects of feed restriction and coated organic acids with essential oils on feed intake (g/chick/period) of Japanese quail.

	Days
	1-6	7-13	14-27	28-42	7-42
Effect of feed restriction
0	31.1	66.5^a	250^b	444^a	761
12.5	30.4	61.7^b	269^ab	390^b	721
25.0	30.9	58.0^c	272^a	396^b	726
Effect of feed additive
0	30.9	66.9^a	263	417	746
COAWEO	30.7	63.2^b	265	403	732
Interactions between feed restriction and feed additive
0 × 0	31.1	71.4^a	246	442	760
0 × COAWEO	31.0	61.5^b	254	445	761
12.5 × 0	30.6	67.5^ab	273	399	739
12.5 × COAWEO	30.3	65.1^ab	266	381	712
25.0 × 0	31.0	61.8^b	269	410	740
25.0 × COAWEO	30.8	61.8^b	276	383	722
RMSE	0.819	3.87	17.2	40.3	42.5
P-values
FR	0.770	0.046	0.024	0.015	0.164
COAWEO	0.237	0.021	0.787	0.526	0.475
Interaction	0.815	0.022	0.513	0.565	0.682

^a-b : means within the column with different superscripts are significantly different at p < 0.05. RMSE: Root Mean Square Error FR: feed restriction; COAWEO: coated organic acid with essential oil.

Table 3. Effects of feed restriction and coated organic acids with essential oils on body weight gain (g/chick/period) of Japanese quail.

	Days
	Initial weight	1-6	7-13	14-27	28-42	7-42
Effect of feed restriction
0	25.9	17.3	23.6^ab	87.5^b	102.0	213
12.5	25.4	16.6	26.2^a	95.8^ab	92.8	215
25.0	25.7	17.0	21.3^b	103^a	93.6	217
Effect of feed additive
0	25.7	16.9	24.6	91.5	98.3	214
COAWEO	25.7	17.0	22.8	99.0	94.2	216
Interactions between feed restriction and feed additive
0 × 0	26.0	17.2	24.6	78.1	108	210
0 × COAWEO	26.0	17.5	22.6	96.9	96.8	216
12.5 × 0	25.5	16.6	27.9	93.9	91.6	213
12.5 × COAWEO	25.4	16.6	24.5	97.7	94.1	216
25.0 × 0	25.7	17.0	21.2	103	95.4	219
25.0 × COAWEO	25.7	17.0	21.4	102	91.8	216
RMSE	0.311	0.312	3.38	10.1	9.71	7.60
P-values
FR	0.064	0.098	0.012	0.015	0.067	0.561
COAWEO	0.723	0.815	0.142	0.072	0.427	0.440
Interaction	0.902	0.882	0.438	0.149	0.380	0.314

^a-b : means within the column with different superscripts are significantly different at p < 0.05. RMSE: Root Mean Square Error. FR: feed restriction; COAWEO: coated organic acid with essential oil.

Table 4. Effects of feed restriction and coated organic acids with essential oils on the feed conversion ratio and survival rate of Japanese quail.

	Feed conversion ratio g feed/g gain					Survival rate %
	1-6	7-13	14-27	28-42	7-42	7-13	7-42
Effect of feed restriction
0	1.80	2.83	2.92	4.37	3.58^a	95.0	94.4
12.5	1.84	2.58	2.83	4.20	3.38^b	97.2	95.0
25.0	1.82	2.98	2.68	4.24	3.37^b	97.8	95.0
Effect feed additive
0	1.83	2.76	2.92^a	4.26	3.49	96.6	94.8
COAWEO	1.81	2.83	2.70^b	4.28	3.39	96.6	94.8
Interactions between feed restriction and feed additive
0 × 0	1.81	2.93	3.20	4.13^ab	3.61	94.4	94.4
0 ×COAWEO	1.78	2.73	2.63	4.61^a	3.52	95.5	94.4
12.5 × 0	1.85	2.43	2.91	4.35^ab	3.46	96.6	94.4
12.5 × COAWEO	1.82	2.73	2.74	4.04^b	3.29	97.8	95.5
25.0 × 0	1.82	2.92	2.65	4.31^ab	3.38	98.9	95.5
25.0 × COAWEO	1.82	3.03	2.71	4.17^ab	3.35	96.6	94.4
RMSE	0.048	0.377	0.274	0.272	0.169	2.66	1.48
P-values
FR	0.507	0.052	0.176	0.535	0.042	0.095	0.702
COAWEO	0.361	0.446	0.047	0.949	0.158	0.964	0.993
Interaction	0.922	0.399	0.074	0.014	0.681	0.340	0.275

^a-b : means within the column with different superscripts are significantly different at p < 0.05. RMSE: Root Mean Square Error. FR: feed restriction; COAWEO: coated organic acid with essential oil.

Table 5. Effects of feed restriction and coated organic acids with essential oils on carcase traits (%) of Japanese quail at 42 days of age.

	Carcase	Liver	Gizzard	Heart	Giblets	TEP	NEP
Effect of feed restriction
0	71.8	2.06	1.59	0.851	4.50	76.3	23.7
12.5	71.6	2.15	1.64	0.870	4.67	76.2	23.8
25.0	70.5	2.05	1.69	0.854	4.60	75.1	24.9
Effect of feed additive
0	70.9	2.08	1.74^a	0.847	4.67	75.6	24.4
COAWEO	71.6	2.09	1.55^b	0.869	4.51	76.1	23.9
Interactions between feed restriction and feed additive
0 × 0	71.6	2.05	1.71	0.837	4.60^ab	76.3	23.7
0 × COAWEO	72.0	2.07	1.47	0.865	4.40^b	76.3	23.7
12.5 × 0	71.1	1.96	1.64	0.847	4.45^b	75.5	24.5
12.5 × COAWEO	72.0	2.35	1.65	0.893	4.89^a	76.9	23.1
25.0 × 0	70.0	2.24	1.85	0.858	4.95^a	75.0	25.0
25.0 × COAWEO	70.9	1.85	1.54	0.850	4.24^b	75.2	24.8
RMSE	2.47	0.432	0.301	0.196	0.553	2.60	2.60
P-values
FR	0.212	0.697	0.553	0.947	0.633	0.261	0.261
COAWEO	0.276	0.957	0.021	0.665	0.285	0.436	0.436
Interaction	0.909	0.021	0.238	0.906	0.007	0.705	0.705

^a-b : means within the column with different superscripts are significantly different at p < 0.05. RMSE: Root Mean Square Error. FR: feed restriction; COAWEO: coated organic acid with essential oil; TEP: total edible parts; NEP: non-edible parts.

Table 6. Effects of feed restriction and coated organic acids with essential oils on serum blood parameters of Japanese quails.

	TP g/dL	Alb g/dL	Glb g/dL	Alb/Glb	α-Glb g/dL	β-Glb g/dL	ɣ-Glb g/dL
Effect of feed restriction
0	5.58	2.54	3.04	0.863	1.67	1.01	0.730
12.5	5.51	2.61	2.90	0.928	1.61	1.01	0.850
25.0	5.48	2.47	3.01	0.838	1.61	1.01	0.780
Effect of feed additive
0	5.63	2.55	3.08	0.843	1.60	1.00	0.780
COAWEO	5.42	2.53	2.89	0.910	1.66	1.02	0.793
Interaction between feed restriction and feed additive
0 × 0	5.80	2.50	3.30	0.759	1.68	1.10^a	0.720
0 × COAWEO	5.36	2.58	2.78	0.967	1.66	0.92^b	0.740
12.5 × 0	5.54	2.60	2.94	0.903	1.54	0.90^b	0.860
12.5 × COAWEO	5.48	2.62	2.86	0.954	1.68	1.12^a	0.840
25.0 × 0	5.54	2.54	3.00	0.867	1.58	1.00^ab	0.760
25.0 × COAWEO	5.42	2.40	3.02	0.808	1.64	1.02^ab	0.800
RMSE	0.321	0.296	0.412	0.207	0.119	0.116	0.111
P-values
FR	0.777	0.579	0.729	0.606	0.441	0.996	0.072
COAWEO	0.091	0.903	0.211	0.388	0.180	0.642	0.745
Interaction	0.378	0.696	0.315	0.363	0.339	0.003	0.829

^a-b : means within the column with different superscripts are significantly different at p < 0.05. RMSE: Root Mean Square Error. FR: feed restriction; COAWEO: coated organic acid with essential oil; TP: total protein; Alb: albumin; Glb: globulin.

Table 7. Effects of feed restriction and coated organic acids with essential oils on serum blood parameters of Japanese quails.

	TL mg/dL	Trg mg/dL	Chl mg/dL	HDL mg/dL	LDL mg/dL	HDL/LDL	vLDL mg/dL	ALT U/L	AST U/L	ALT/AST
Effect feed restriction
0	5.88	179	208	40.7	88.4	0.46	35.9	65.4	57.4	1.15
12.5	5.67	180	210	39.6	90.4	0.44	35.9	65.0	56.8	1.15
25.0	5.79	176	204	41.0	91.7	0.45	35.1	65.7	58.6	1.12
Effect of feed additive
0	6.01	179	207	41.5	88.7	0.47	35.9	66.0	56.9	1.16
COAWEO	5.55	177	207	39.4	91.7	0.43	35.4	64.7	58.3	1.11
Interaction between feed restriction and feed additive
0 × 0	6.18	187^a	204	41.4	85.6	0.49	37.5	67.0	56.0	1.21
0 × COAWEO	5.58	171^b	212	40.0	91.2	0.44	34.3	63.8	58.8	1.09
12.5 × 0	5.82	174^b	213	40.8	89.6	0.46	34.8	65.4	56.4	1.16
12.5 × COAWEO	5.52	185^a	207	38.4	91.2	0.42	37.0	64.6	57.2	1.13
25.0 × 0	6.04	177^ab	204	42.2	90.8	0.47	35.3	65.6	58.4	1.12
25.0 × COAWEO	5.54	175^ab	203	39.8	92.6	0.43	34.9	65.8	58.8	1.12
RMSE	0.920	8.48	10.6	4.18	4.69	0.057	1.70	2.64	2.86	0.0878
P-values
FR	0.878	0.504	0.368	0.735	0.303	0.685	0.504	0.839	0.374	0.781
COAWEO	0.178	0.446	0.878	0.188	0.093	0.080	0.446	0.201	0.215	0.118
Interaction	0.934	0.007	0.331	0.954	0.569	0.947	0.007	0.351	0.610	0.339

^a-b : means within the column with different superscripts are significantly different at p < 0.05. RMSE: Root Mean Square Error. FR: feed restriction; COAWEO: coated organic acid with essential oil; TL: total lipids; Trg: triglycerides; Chl: cholesterol; HDL: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL: low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol; VLDL: very low-density lipoprotein; ALT: alanine ami-notransferase; AST: aspartate aminotransferase.

Table 8. Effects of feed restriction and coated organic acids with essential oils of serum blood parameters of Japanese quails at 42 days of age.

	AP U/100mL	CRB U/mL	TAC Umol/l	MDA Umol/L	AB	SOD U/mg	T3 Ug/dL	T4 Ug/dL	T3/T4	Cor pg/mL
Effect of feed restriction
0	7.64	39.3	422	1.71^b	255^a	313^ab	0.174^ab	7.84	2.22	4.14
12.5	7.51	37.4	428	2.19^a	197^b	313^a	0.157^b	7.60	2.07	3.80
25.0	7.72	37.4	427	2.09^a	208^b	312^b	0.194^a	7.93	2.45	4.01
Effect of feed additive
0	7.54	38.7	425	1.89^b	233	313	0.169	7.66	2.21	3.96
COAWEO	7.71	37.4	427	2.10^a	207	313	0.181	7.92	2.28	4.01
Interaction between feed restriction and feed additive
0 × 0	7.56	38.9	419	1.64	269	312^ab	0.152	7.54	2.02	4.20
0 × COAWEO	7.72	39.7	426	1.78	241	314^a	0.196	8.14	2.42	4.08
12.5 × 0	7.56	38.4	428	2.12	203	314^a	0.154	7.46	2.07	3.62
12.5× COAWEO	7.46	36.4	427	2.26	190	313^ab	0.160	7.74	2.07	3.98
25.0 × 0	7.50	38.8	428	1.92	225	312^b	0.202	7.98	2.54	4.06
25.0× COAWEO	7.94	36.0	426	2.26	191	313^ab	0.186	7.88	2.36	3.96
RMSE	0.334	2.30	6.59	0.257	36.1	0.955	0.0278	0.456	0.383	0.362
P-values
FR	0.380	0.127	0.181	0.001	0.003	0.034	0.023	0.266	0.102	0.128
COAWEO	0.184	0.125	0.430	0.037	0.069	0.233	0.275	0.131	0.618	0.727
Interaction	0.216	0.197	0.266	0.609	0.814	0.013	0.070	0.248	0.246	0.265

^a-b : means within the column with different superscripts are significantly different, at p < 0.05. RMSE: Root Mean Square Error. FR: feed restriction; COAWEO: coated organic acid with essential oil; AP: Alkaline Phosphatase; CRB: catalase in red blood cells; TAC: Total antioxidant capacity; MDA: malondialdehyde; AB: antioxidant balance; SOD: superoxide dismutase; T3: Triiodothyronine; T4: Thyroxine.

Table 9. Effects of feed restriction and coated organic acids with essential oils on selected immune indices of Japanese quails at 42 days of age.

	IgG mg/100mL	IgM mg/100mL	IgA mg/100mL	HIIBD Log^2	HIAI Log^2
Effect of feed restriction
0	997.2	254.8	80.10	3.70	3.90^a
12.5	1000.2	254.4	83.30	3.30	2.50^c
25.0	999.1	246.8	81.50	4.30	3.20^b
Effect of feed additive
0	997.6	250.4	81.93	3.80	3.27
COAWEO	1000.1	253.6	81.33	3.73	3.13
Interaction between feed restriction and feed additive
0 × 0	990.4	253.0	79.20	3.80	4.20
0 × COAWEO	1004.0	256.6	81.00	3.60	3.60
12.5 × 0	998.4	252.2	82.00	3.20	2.40
12.5× COAWEO	1002.0	256.6	84.60	3.40	2.60
25.0 × 0	1004.0	246.0	84.60	4.40	3.20
25.0× COAWEO	994.2	247.6	78.40	4.20	3.20
RMSE	11.90	12.39	4.943	1.041	0.500
P-values
FR	0.851	0.285	0.364	0.118	<0.001
COAWEO	0.576	0.486	0.743	0.862	0.472
Interaction	0.109	0.967	0.110	0.885	0.198

^a-b : means within the column with different superscripts are significantly different at p < 0.05. RMSE: Root Mean Square Error. FR: feed restriction; COAWEO: coated organic acid with essential oil; IgG: Immunoglobulin G; IgM: Immunoglobulin M; IgA: Immunoglobulin A; HI IBD: Infectious Bursal Disease; HIAI: High-Pathogenic Avian Influenza.

Table 10. Effects of feed restriction and coated organic acids with essential oils on the microbial count of Japanese quails at 42 days of age.

	TBC, CFU/mL	E. coli, CFU/mL	Clostridia, CFU/mL	Salmonella, CFU/mL	Lactobacilli, CFU/mL
Effect of feed restriction
0	6.82^a	4.87^a	3.21^a	2.66^a	4.23^b
12.5	6.46^b	4.62^ab	3.19^a	2.44^b	4.98^a
25.0	6.33^b	4.39^b	2.82^b	2.51^b	4.87^a
Effect of feed additive
0	7.06^a	4.89^a	3.47^a	3.03^a	3.98^b
COAWEO	6.01^b	4.36^b	2.67^b	2.04^b	5.41^a
Interactions between feed restriction and feed additive
0 × 0	7.15^a	5.11	3.62	3.21	3.97^b
0 × COAWEO	6.48^ab	4.63	2.79	2.11	4.50^ab
12.5 × 0	7.06^a	4.80	3.68	2.88	4.19^ab
12.5 × COAWEO	5.85^b	4.44	2.70	2.00	5.77^a
25.0 × 0	6.96^a	4.77	3.12	3.01	3.78^b
25.0 × COAWEO	5.70^b	4.01	2.53	2.00	5.96^a
RMSE	0.243	0.310	0.329	0.138	0.313
P-values
FR	0.0005	0.0084	0.0244	0.0041	0.0001
COAWEO	0.0001	0.0001	0.0001	0.0001	0.0001
Interaction	0.0223	0.3393	0.4174	0.2184	0.0001

^a-b : means within the column with different superscripts are significantly different at p < 0.05. RMSE: Root Mean Square Error. FR: feed restriction; COAWEO: coated organic acid with essential oil.

Data availability statement

Data are available upon official request to the corresponding author and after approval of the funding agent.