Cognitive Difficulties in Struggling Comprehenders and Their Relation to Reading Comprehension: A Comparison of Group Selection and Regression-Based Models

Figures & data

Table 1. Means (standard deviations) for measures in regression analyses.

Measure	All participants in sample (n = 766)	Participants with KBIT matrices at or above the 25th percentile (n = 478)
WJ-III LWID	99.8	101.5
	(8.4)	(8.9)
TOWRE-SW	93.5	94.5
	(10.1)	(10.2)
TOWRE-PD	96.4	97.4
	(11.9)	(12.02)
GMRT-RC	92.5	94.3
	(12.7)	(13.0)
KBIT-2 Matrices	93.5	99.9
	(10.7)	(7.7)
PV Interference	4.3	4.4
	(1.7)	(1.6)
PV No Interference	5.7	5.8
	(1.5)	(1.5)

Notes. All means represent standard scores with the exception of the scores for interference and no-inference trials (x/8). WJ-III LWID = Woodcock Johnson-III Tests of Achievement, Letter Word Identification subtest; TOWRE-SE = Test of Word Reading Efficiency, Sight Word Reading Efficiency subtest; TOWRE-PD = Test of Word Reading Efficiency, Phonemic Decoding subtest; GMRT-RC = Gates MacGinitie Reading Test, Comprehension subtest; KBIT-2 Matrices = Kaufman Brief Intelligence Test–2, Matrices subtest; PV Interference = Proactive Verbal Interference Task, interference trials; PV No Interference = Proactive Verbal Interference Task, no-interference trials.

Table 2. Means (standard deviations) for measures in matched case analysis.

Measure	Less skilled comprehenders (n = 48)	More skilled comprehenders (n = 48)
WJ-III LWID	98.0	99.7
	(7.8)	(7.1)
TOWRE-SW	98.3	98.6
	(9.3)	(8.9)
TOWRE-PD	102.0	99.6
	(10.0)	(10.1)
GMRT-RC	78.0	104.9
	(7.0)	(8.3)
KBIT-2 Matrices	94.4	96.8
	(11.7)	(11.4)
PV Interference	4.1	4.6
	(1.6)	(1.5)
PV No Interference	5.4	5.9
	(1.7)	(1.6)

Notes. All means represent standard scores with the exception of the scores for interference and no-inference trials (x/8). WJ-III LWID = Woodcock Johnson-III Tests of Achievement, Letter Word Identification subtest; TOWRE-SE = Test of Word Reading Efficiency, Sight Word Reading Efficiency subtest; TOWRE-PD = Test of Word Reading Efficiency, Phonemic Decoding subtest; GMRT-RC = Gates MacGinitie Reading Test, Comprehension subtest; KBIT-2 Matrices = Kaufman Brief Intelligence Test–2, Matrices subtest; PV Interference = Proactive Verbal Interference Task, interference trials; PV No Interference = Proactive Verbal Interference Task, no-interference trial.