Contributions of Academic Language, Perspective Taking, and Complex Reasoning to Deep Reading Comprehension

Figures & data

Table 1. Sample characteristics (N = 1965).

Variable	%
Female	51%
Black	40%
White	28%
Asian	3%
Latino	27%
Native American/Pacific Islander	1%
Mixed/Other	1%
Free/Reduced-Price Lunch	83%
English Language Learners	8%
Special Education	14%
Grade 4	22%
Grade 5	23%
Grade 6	29%
Grade 7	26%

Table 2. Means and standard deviations of the measures (N = 1965).

	M	SD	1	2	3	4	5	6
1. Spring GISA Score	976.87	69.21	—
2. Fall GISA Score	963.56	69.30	0.72	—
3. Fall Perspective Articulation	2.03	0.66	0.38	0.37	—
4. Fall Perspective Positioning	0.61	0.41	0.30	0.23	0.29	—
5. Fall Academic Language	0.30	1.04	0.68	0.67	0.46	0.36	—
6. Fall Complex Reasoning (Subsample n = 1610)	9.52	0.24	0.51	0.50	0.34	0.26	0.64

*** p < .001

Table 3. Predictors of spring GISA scores: Role of academic language and perspective taking (N = 1965).

	Model 1		Model 2		Model 3		Model 4			Model 5
Variables	Coefficient	SE	Coefficient	SE	Coefficient	SE	Coefficient	SE		Coefficient	SE
Intercept	967.12	7.65	962.15	8.53	962.26	8.50	957.16	8.65		957.55	8.63
Grade 5			14.27	6.40	14.41	6.52	13.53	6.73		13.64	6.78
Grade 6			26.20	6.13	26.26	6.24	24.82	6.44		24.86	6.49
Grade 7			28.03	6.22	27.83	6.34	27.04	6.55		26.96	6.59
Female			−0.54	2.25	−3.61	2.30	−0.85	2.15		−2.41	2.21
White			4.16	3.86	4.33	3.82	2.82	3.69		3.00	3.68
Asian			12.47	6.88	12.82	6.82	9.63	6.58		10.01	6.56
Latino			4.97	3.66	5.57	3.62	4.69	3.49		5.07	3.49
Native American/Pacific Islander			−1.17	14.15	−1.79	14.01	1.08	13.50		0.36	13.46
Mixed/Other			18.66	11.13	18.48	11.02	16.00	10.63		16.10	10.59
Free/Reduced-Price Lunch			−11.93	3.32	−11.53	3.29	−8.36	3.18		−8.39	3.17
English Language Learners			−22.64	4.57	−20.67	4.54	−14.30	4.42		−13.83	4.41
Special Education			−25.55	3.50	−22.42	3.52	−16.30	3.43		−15.22	3.44
Fall GISA Scores			0.59	0.02	0.56	0.02	0.44	0.02		0.43	0.02
Fall Perspective Articulation					6.82	2.05				2.65	2.00
Fall Perspective Positioning					12.40	3.17				7.91	3.07
Fall Academic Language							20.66	1.66		19.54	1.71
Random effects	Variance		Variance		Variance		Variance			Variance
School Level	583.51		459.24		447.64		469.41			462.00
Classroom Level	612.64		374.38		396.46		442.68			451.69
Student Level	3,654.04		2,013.30		1,971.81		1,828.07			1,816.22

* p < .05;

** p < .01;

*** p < .001

Table 4. Predictors of spring GISA scores: Role of complex reasoning (N = 1615).

	Model 1		Model 2		Model 3		Model 4		Model 5
Variables	Coefficient	SE	Coefficient	SE	Coefficient	SE	Coefficient	SE	Coefficient	SE
Intercept	969.83	7.62	961.77	9.07	960.75	9.07	956.85	9.17	956.86	9.16
Grade 5			12.99^+	7.20	11.95^+	7.22	12.07	7.60	11.73	7.58
Grade 6			26.38	6.77	26.13	6.79	24.80	7.14	24.80	7.13
Grade 7			28.50	6.86	27.62	6.88	27.79	7.24	27.48	7.23
Female			−2.72	2.50	−3.99	2.47	−3.89	2.44	−4.36^+	2.44
White			6.61	4.24	6.99^+	4.18	4.56	4.01	4.89	4.01
Asian			13.61^+	7.57	11.84	7.45	9.88	7.16	9.49	7.14
Latino			7.54^+	4.06	7.50^+	4.00	6.15	3.85	6.27	3.84
Native American/Pacific Islander			−6.96	15.10	−4.56	14.87	−1.10	14.27	−0.65	14.23
Mixed/Other			14.12	11.67	13.95	11.48	12.33	11.01	12.42	10.99
Free/Reduced-Price Lunch			−10.98	3.63	−9.66	3.58	−7.10	3.44	−6.88	3.44
English Language Learners			−20.22	5.22	−17.04	5.17	−10.25	5.01	−9.75^+	5.00
Special Education			−25.06	3.99	−22.19	3.95	−14.18	3.86	−13.86	3.86
Fall GISA Scores			0.60	0.02	0.54	0.02	0.43	0.02	0.42	0.02
Fall Perspective Articulation							1.43	2.19	1.22	2.18
Fall Perspective Positioning							8.69	3.35	8.49	3.34
Fall Academic Language							21.90	1.91	20.13	2.02
Fall Complex Reasoning					44.24	6.68			18.01	6.83
Random effects	Variance		Variance		Variance		Variance		Variance
School Level	560.59		456.62		459.47		460.00		460.17
Classroom Level	597.49		386.76		402.82		477.75		475.41
Student Level	3,758.70		2,066.31		2,000.17		1,831.51		1,822.72

* p < .05;

** p < .01;

*** p < .001