Sports, science, and partisanship in the United States: chronic traumatic encephalopathy and the polarisation of an apolitical issue

Figures & data

Table 1. Frequency distributions of various measures of attitudes about concussions and sports.

Generally speaking, how big of a problem to you think that concussions or head injuries are in sports? Are they… 1 A major problem (65%) 2 A minor problem (29%) 3 Not much of a problem (4%) 4 Not a problem at all (2%)

There is a settled science that playing football can cause a progressive degenerative brain disease called Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy or ‘CTE’ (n = 512) 1 Certainly False (3%) 2 Probably False (13%) 3 Probably True (54%) 4 Certainly True (31%)

There is a settled science that playing football causes brain injuries (n = 488) 1 Certainly False (1%) 2 Probably False (18%) 3 Probably True (49%) 4 Certainly True (32%)

Which of the following sports do you personally approve of children (under 18) participating in? [Tackle Football] 1 Approve (50%) 2 Don’t know (3%) 3 Disapprove (33%)

Repeated brain trauma that results in Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE) is a serious public health issue 1 Certainly False (3%) 2 Probably False (10%) 3 Probably True (51%) 4 Certainly True (36%)

Tackle football is a safe activity for children before they reach high school 1 Certainly False (23%) 2 Probably False (40%) 3 Probably True (31%) 4 Certainly True (6%)

Tackle football is a safe activity for children during high school 1 Certainly False (16%) 2 Probably False (32%) 3 Probably True (45%) 4 Certainly True (7%)

Table 2. Measurement and Descriptive Statistics of Independent Variables Used in Models.

Variables	Measurement	Descriptive Statistics
Party ID	Dummy variables for independent and Republican party identification; Democrat is the excluded category	Democrat: 39.8% Independent: 25.8% Republican: 34.3%
Political Knowledge	5-question scale of knowledge of House Speaker, UK prime minister, Chief Justice of US Supreme Court, party control of US House, and party control of US Senate	0: 25.6% 1: 13.5% 2: 17.2% 3: 12.8% 4: 12.3% 5: 18.5%
Ideology	Dummy variables for Liberal, Moderate, Conservative, Very Conservative; Very Liberal is the excluded category	Very liberal: 6.5% Liberal: 16.2% Moderate: 43.8% Conservative: 28.7% Very Conservative: 4.8%
Personal Values	See Appendix on scale measurement
Self Transcendence	Scaled to range from 0,1	Average: .814
Self-Enhancement	Scaled to range from 0,1	Average: .810
Openness to Change	Scaled to range from 0,1	Average: .755
Conservation	Scaled to range from 0,1	Average: .639
Socio-demographics
Parent of Child < 18	Dummy variable	No: 72.4% Yes: 27.7%
Female	Dummy variable	Male: 48.4% Female: 51.6%
Race/Ethnicity	Dummy variables for Black, Latino, Other-Race; White is the excluded category	White: 67.0% Black: 11.7% Hispanic: 14.4% Other: 6.9%
Age	Age, in years (and it’s square to account for non-monotonicity)	Average: 47.18
Education	Highest education degree, coded as a linear scale from 1–6	No High School: 8.1% High school diploma: 34.9% Some college: 22.1% 2-year degree: 10.3% 4-year degree: 16.3% Post-graduate: 8.4%
Family Income	Dummy variables for income categories $30-$50K, $50-$100K, $100K+ and Refusals; Income under $30K is the excluded category	Under $30K: 29.0% $30-$50K: 23.4% $50K-$100K: 22.5% $100K+: 12.9% Refusals: 12.1%
Census Division	Census division, coded as dummy variables; New England is the excluded category	New England: 2.6% Mid Atlantic: 16.8% East North Central: 14.8% West North Central: 6.1% South Atlantic: 17.4% East South Central: 8.3% West South Central: 8.8% Mountain: 5.6% Pacific: 19.6%
Sports Variables
Personal Experience	Dummy variable for whether respondent knows a person diagnosed with post-concussion syndrome	No: 94.3% Yes: 5.7%
Football fav sport	Dummy variable for whether respondent rates football as their favourite sport	No: 69.3% Yes: 30.7%
Watch sports on tv	How frequency does respondent watch sports on TV?	Never: 18.1% Almost never: 19.0% Once a year: 3.4% Once a month: 4.2% Ever few weeks: 10.7% Once a week: 15.3% Most days: 18.1% Every day: 10.9%

Figure 1. Party ID X knowledge interaction, ‘Concussions are a major problem’.

Note: Predicted probability calculations derived from Table A1, Model 1. Question wording – ‘Generally speaking, how big of a problem to you think that concussions or head injuries are in sports?’

Figure 2. Party ID X knowledge interaction, ‘CTE is a public health issue’.

Note: Predicted probability calculations derived from Table A1, Model 2. Question wording – ‘Repeated brain trauma that results in Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE) is a serious public health issue’

Figure 3. Party ID X knowledge interaction, ‘Settled science’.

Note: Predicted probability calculations derived from Table A1, Model 3. Question Wording – ‘There is a settled science that playing [American] football causes brain injuries,’ or ‘There is a settled science that playing [American] football can cause a progressive degenerative brain disease called Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy or “CTE.”’

Figure 4. Party ID X knowledge interaction, ‘Disapprove of children playing tackle football’.

Note: Predicted probability calculations derived from Table A2, Model 4. Question Wording – ‘Which of the following sports do you personally approve of children (under 18) participating in? [American] Tackle Football.’

Figure 5. Party ID X knowledge interaction, ‘Tackle football is safe before high school’.

Note: Predicted probability calculations derived from Table A2, Model 5. Question wording – ‘[American] Tackle football is a safe activity for children before they reach high school.’

Figure 6. Party ID X knowledge interaction, ‘American tackle football is safe during high school’.

Notes: Predicted probability calculations derived from Table A2, Model 6. Question wording – ‘ [American] Tackle football is a safe activity for children during high school.’

Figure 7. Effect of climate change attitudes on concussion/CTE attitudes.

Note: Predicted probabilities are calculated from each of the respective models in Tables A3 & A4.

Table A1. Modelling attitudes towards concussions and head injuries in sports.

	Model 1 Concussions are a Problem			Model 2 CTE is a Public Health Issue			Model 3 CTE is settled science
	β	SE	p<	β	SE	p<	β	SE	p<
Political Variables
Independent	−0.338	0.411	0.411	0.170	0.311	0.586	0.057	0.294	0.846
Republican	−0.454	0.362	0.211	−0.069	0.338	0.839	0.445	0.315	0.158
Political Knowledge	0.305	0.101	0.002	0.097	0.082	0.235	0.243	0.080	0.003
Knowledge X Ind	−0.261	0.135	0.054	−0.354	0.130	0.006	−0.271	0.130	0.037
Knowledge X Rep	−0.288	0.128	0.024	−0.212	0.109	0.052	−0.305	0.106	0.004
Liberal	−0.397	0.481	0.410	−0.875	0.354	0.013	−0.604	0.391	0.122
Moderate	−0.501	0.416	0.229	−0.860	0.355	0.015	−0.572	0.414	0.167
Conservative	−0.459	0.439	0.295	−0.998	0.419	0.017	−0.819	0.472	0.083
Very Conservative	−0.252	0.494	0.609	−0.671	0.466	0.150	−0.598	0.558	0.284
Personal Values
Self Transcendence	1.196	0.752	0.112	1.849	0.710	0.009	0.553	0.728	0.448
Self-Enhancement	0.319	0.677	0.637	−0.166	0.617	0.788	0.347	0.568	0.541
Openness to Change	−0.878	0.764	0.251	−1.497	0.811	0.065	−0.093	0.692	0.893
Conservation	1.145	0.838	0.172	1.241	0.676	0.066	0.703	0.666	0.291
Socio-demographics
Parent of Child < 18	0.062	0.213	0.771	0.068	0.204	0.739	0.254	0.207	0.219
Female	0.418	0.192	0.029	0.297	0.169	0.079	−0.205	0.164	0.212
Black	−0.051	0.439	0.908	0.501	0.301	0.095	−0.172	0.295	0.560
Hispanic	0.226	0.314	0.472	−0.434	0.288	0.131	−0.500	0.298	0.093
Other Race	−0.703	0.498	0.158	−0.087	0.410	0.833	0.200	0.321	0.533
Age	−0.040	0.036	0.267	−0.045	0.027	0.098	0.008	0.033	0.811
Age^2	0.001	0.000	0.106	0.001	0.000	0.070	0.000	0.000	0.634
Education	0.040	0.109	0.718	−0.105	0.090	0.244	−0.163	0.101	0.108
Income $30K-50K	−0.229	0.265	0.387	−0.160	0.236	0.497	−0.321	0.244	0.189
Income $50K-100K	−0.043	0.293	0.883	0.288	0.245	0.239	−0.335	0.228	0.142
Income $100K +	0.283	0.342	0.409	0.366	0.302	0.226	0.064	0.279	0.818
Income (refused)	0.034	0.312	0.914	0.043	0.276	0.877	0.007	0.297	0.982
Census Division
Mid Atlantic	0.667	0.500	0.183	0.681	0.394	0.084	0.234	0.455	0.607
East North Central	0.132	0.461	0.775	0.030	0.381	0.937	0.292	0.455	0.520
West North Central	0.493	0.614	0.422	0.071	0.538	0.895	0.034	0.507	0.946
South Atlantic	0.723	0.481	0.133	0.234	0.396	0.554	0.242	0.457	0.596
East South Central	0.484	0.498	0.331	−0.141	0.460	0.760	−0.019	0.456	0.967
West South Central	0.690	0.564	0.221	0.208	0.412	0.614	0.480	0.501	0.337
Mountain	0.317	0.534	0.552	0.144	0.471	0.760	0.177	0.518	0.733
Pacific	0.105	0.471	0.823	0.242	0.384	0.529	0.433	0.453	0.340
Sports Variables
Personal Experience	0.741	0.473	0.118	0.881	0.312	0.005	0.835	0.383	0.029
American football fav sport	−0.081	0.201	0.687	0.114	0.176	0.515	−0.182	0.184	0.323
Watch sports on tv	−0.057	0.042	0.171	0.044	0.034	0.202	0.048	0.033	0.151
/cut1	−3.352	1.251		−3.656	0.985		−2.785	1.093
/cut2	−1.921	1.269		−2.026	1.002		−0.584	1.091
/cut3	0.459	1.281		0.805	0.998		1.954	1.093
N/Pseudo R^2	987/.108			972/.084			967/.043

Notes: Models are estimated using ordered logit

Table A2. Model concern about children participating in American football.

	Model 4 – Approve of children playing American football			Model 5 – OK to play tackle American football before high school			Model 6 – OK to play tackle American football during high school
	β	SE	p<	β	SE	p<	β	SE	p<
Political Variables
Independent	−0.432	0.327	0.187	−0.331	0.327	0.312	−0.107	0.381	0.778
Republican	−0.472	0.377	0.210	−0.057	0.337	0.865	0.358	0.372	0.336
Political Knowledge	0.201	0.077	0.009	0.281	0.077	0.000	0.355	0.091	0.000
Knowledge X Ind	−0.170	0.114	0.137	−0.177	0.123	0.149	−0.230	0.128	0.073
Knowledge X Rep	−0.273	0.116	0.018	−0.196	0.113	0.081	−0.435	0.112	0.000
Liberal	−0.285	0.322	0.376	−0.275	0.371	0.460	−0.563	0.336	0.094
Moderate	−0.424	0.299	0.156	−0.078	0.379	0.836	−0.246	0.356	0.489
Conservative	−0.282	0.381	0.460	−0.382	0.454	0.400	−0.086	0.430	0.842
Very Conservative	−0.087	0.474	0.855	−0.762	0.636	0.231	−0.105	0.592	0.859
Personal Values
Self Transcendence	−1.146	0.668	0.086	0.302	0.744	0.685	0.058	0.569	0.918
Self-Enhancement	−0.526	0.591	0.373	−0.089	0.612	0.885	−0.994	0.540	0.066
Openness to Change	0.141	0.720	0.844	0.405	0.828	0.625	0.675	0.688	0.326
Conservation	1.048	0.637	0.100	0.087	0.703	0.902	−0.630	0.547	0.249
Socio-demographics
Parent of Child < 18	−0.155	0.217	0.476	0.170	0.214	0.426	0.105	0.203	0.605
Female	0.456	0.184	0.013	0.344	0.166	0.039	0.452	0.178	0.011
Black	0.337	0.304	0.268	−0.131	0.306	0.669	0.268	0.332	0.420
Hispanic	0.161	0.315	0.610	−0.370	0.284	0.193	0.255	0.294	0.386
Other Race	−0.148	0.389	0.704	−0.340	0.345	0.325	−0.118	0.396	0.766
Age	−0.031	0.033	0.348	−0.041	0.031	0.184	0.021	0.029	0.463
Age^2	0.001	0.000	0.135	0.001	0.000	0.066	0.000	0.000	0.718
Education	0.237	0.097	0.015	0.118	0.093	0.202	0.088	0.086	0.304
Income $30K-50K	−0.408	0.280	0.145	0.068	0.235	0.773	−0.375	0.263	0.154
Income $50K-100K	−0.212	0.261	0.418	0.197	0.239	0.410	−0.021	0.229	0.928
Income $100K +	−0.444	0.309	0.150	0.104	0.278	0.708	−0.030	0.269	0.910
Income (refused)	−0.570	0.294	0.053	0.020	0.284	0.943	−0.137	0.265	0.606
Census Division
Mid Atlantic	−0.108	0.423	0.799	−0.276	0.481	0.566	−0.050	0.472	0.915
East North Central	−0.744	0.440	0.091	−0.059	0.490	0.905	−0.355	0.512	0.489
West North Central	−0.748	0.475	0.115	−0.176	0.547	0.748	−0.560	0.528	0.288
South Atlantic	−0.536	0.432	0.214	−0.072	0.480	0.881	−0.145	0.471	0.758
East South Central	−0.552	0.540	0.306	−0.117	0.510	0.819	−0.466	0.485	0.337
West South Central	−1.012	0.505	0.045	−0.510	0.529	0.335	−0.191	0.522	0.714
Mountain	−0.563	0.471	0.232	0.064	0.545	0.907	−0.094	0.577	0.870
Pacific	−0.611	0.423	0.148	−0.127	0.489	0.795	−0.004	0.471	0.993
Sports Variables
Personal Experience	0.750	0.358	0.036	−0.270	0.396	0.495	−0.085	0.332	0.798
American football fav sport	−0.500	0.195	0.010	−0.323	0.166	0.052	−0.341	0.168	0.042
Watch sports on tv	−0.102	0.038	0.007	−0.108	0.034	0.002	−0.060	0.037	0.109
/cut1	−1.906	1.128		−2.995	1.149		−2.458	0.962
/cut2	−1.031	1.137		−0.567	1.124		0.421	0.942
/cut3				1.429	1.132		2.177	0.933
N/Pseudo R^2	973/.102			970/.076			978/.069

Notes: Models are estimated using ordered logit

Table A3. Modelling attitudes towards concussions/head injuries (climate change added).

	Model 1 Concussions are a Problem			Model 2 CTE is a Public Health Issue			Model 3 CTE is settled science
	β	SE	p<	β	SE	p<	β	SE	p<
Political Variables
Climate Δ sceptic	−0.422	0.112	0.000	−0.382	0.116	0.001	−0.261	0.112	0.020
Independent	−0.353	0.409	0.389	0.157	0.306	0.608	0.037	0.291	0.899
Republican	−0.356	0.355	0.316	−0.036	0.335	0.915	0.451	0.318	0.155
Political Knowledge	0.263	0.100	0.009	0.053	0.087	0.542	0.216	0.084	0.010
Knowledge X Ind	−0.218	0.135	0.108	−0.318	0.128	0.013	−0.251	0.129	0.052
Knowledge X Rep	−0.224	0.127	0.078	−0.137	0.112	0.223	−0.256	0.111	0.021
Liberal	−0.291	0.489	0.552	−0.859	0.363	0.018	−0.591	0.398	0.137
Moderate	−0.329	0.418	0.432	−0.722	0.367	0.049	−0.466	0.426	0.274
Conservative	−0.227	0.437	0.604	−0.835	0.428	0.051	−0.677	0.485	0.163
Very Conservative	0.252	0.515	0.624	−0.212	0.506	0.675	−0.256	0.581	0.659
Personal Values
Self Transcendence	0.801	0.813	0.325	1.474	0.701	0.035	0.248	0.719	0.730
Self-Enhancement	0.241	0.683	0.724	−0.060	0.618	0.923	0.341	0.570	0.550
Openness to Change	−0.798	0.789	0.312	−1.645	0.823	0.046	−0.069	0.704	0.922
Conservation	1.548	0.855	0.070	1.511	0.680	0.026	0.922	0.654	0.158
Socio-demographics
Parent of Child < 18	0.126	0.213	0.552	0.110	0.205	0.593	0.302	0.208	0.147
Female	0.277	0.196	0.156	0.222	0.171	0.196	−0.263	0.164	0.110
Black	0.027	0.471	0.954	0.513	0.297	0.084	−0.144	0.297	0.627
Hispanic	0.121	0.322	0.707	−0.492	0.303	0.104	−0.551	0.311	0.077
Other Race	−0.632	0.511	0.217	−0.040	0.393	0.919	0.278	0.319	0.385
Age	−0.048	0.037	0.196	−0.048	0.027	0.076	0.006	0.033	0.865
Age^2	0.001	0.000	0.072	0.001	0.000	0.047	0.000	0.000	0.695
Education	0.043	0.112	0.698	−0.120	0.093	0.195	−0.161	0.103	0.119
Income $30K-50K	−0.202	0.264	0.443	−0.138	0.230	0.548	−0.307	0.245	0.211
Income $50K-100K	0.023	0.294	0.938	0.386	0.239	0.106	−0.280	0.226	0.216
Income $100K +	0.309	0.349	0.377	0.377	0.314	0.231	0.067	0.290	0.818
Income (refused)	−0.017	0.321	0.959	0.102	0.277	0.712	−0.005	0.296	0.988
Census Division
Mid Atlantic	0.694	0.505	0.169	0.606	0.400	0.129	0.069	0.466	0.882
East North Central	0.220	0.448	0.624	−0.022	0.394	0.956	0.157	0.464	0.734
West North Central	0.646	0.606	0.286	0.061	0.557	0.912	−0.045	0.511	0.929
South Atlantic	0.780	0.478	0.103	0.189	0.409	0.645	0.131	0.469	0.781
East South Central	0.603	0.488	0.217	−0.219	0.473	0.644	−0.140	0.471	0.766
West South Central	0.725	0.571	0.204	0.038	0.427	0.929	0.275	0.515	0.593
Mountain	0.324	0.526	0.538	−0.023	0.467	0.960	0.003	0.520	0.996
Pacific	0.097	0.460	0.833	0.071	0.395	0.857	0.236	0.460	0.609
Sports Variables
Personal Experience	0.818	0.505	0.105	0.925	0.309	0.003	0.845	0.379	0.026
American football fav sport	−0.088	0.206	0.671	0.081	0.175	0.642	−0.197	0.184	0.284
Watch sports on tv	−0.075	0.042	0.078	0.036	0.035	0.307	0.043	0.034	0.202
/cut1	−4.235	1.315		−4.665	0.992		−3.480	1.165
/cut2	−2.802	1.352		−3.035	1.009		−1.277	1.166
/cut3	−0.379	1.352		−0.156	0.998		1.287	1.157
N/Pseudo R^2	981/.122			967/.095			965/.048

Notes: Models are estimated using ordered logit

Table A4. Model concern about children participating in American football (climate change added).

	Model 4 – Disapprove of children playing American football			Model 5 – OK to play tackle American football before high school			Model 6 – OK to play tackle American football during high school
	β	SE	p<	β	SE	p<	β	SE	p<
Political Variables
Climate Δ sceptic	−0.192	0.106	0.069	−0.258	0.101	0.011	−0.391	0.115	0.001
Independent	−0.386	0.329	0.241	−0.297	0.332	0.371	−0.061	0.361	0.865
Republican	−0.428	0.380	0.259	−0.020	0.341	0.953	0.467	0.357	0.190
Political Knowledge	0.182	0.080	0.022	0.255	0.079	0.001	0.329	0.087	0.000
Knowledge X Ind	−0.157	0.115	0.172	−0.161	0.124	0.196	−0.207	0.124	0.095
Knowledge X Rep	−0.238	0.118	0.044	−0.147	0.117	0.208	−0.380	0.108	0.000
Liberal	−0.273	0.328	0.404	−0.264	0.378	0.485	−0.552	0.333	0.097
Moderate	−0.395	0.302	0.192	0.001	0.389	0.998	−0.138	0.353	0.695
Conservative	−0.224	0.383	0.559	−0.273	0.459	0.552	0.079	0.426	0.852
Very Conservative	0.137	0.490	0.780	−0.456	0.632	0.471	0.334	0.624	0.592
Personal Values
Self Transcendence	−1.336	0.672	0.047	0.037	0.781	0.963	−0.364	0.605	0.548
Self-Enhancement	−0.519	0.592	0.380	−0.061	0.612	0.921	−0.974	0.533	0.068
Openness to Change	0.118	0.741	0.873	0.374	0.839	0.656	0.628	0.710	0.376
Conservation	1.275	0.646	0.048	0.323	0.713	0.650	−0.287	0.555	0.604
Socio-demographics
Parent of Child < 18	−0.130	0.219	0.554	0.191	0.214	0.373	0.148	0.200	0.460
Female	0.427	0.186	0.022	0.295	0.168	0.079	0.384	0.169	0.023
Black	0.373	0.318	0.242	−0.098	0.306	0.749	0.301	0.332	0.364
Hispanic	0.145	0.319	0.649	−0.448	0.291	0.124	0.159	0.309	0.607
Other Race	−0.104	0.382	0.785	−0.295	0.330	0.372	−0.028	0.384	0.943
Age	−0.033	0.034	0.335	−0.045	0.031	0.150	0.021	0.029	0.470
Age^2	0.001	0.000	0.129	0.001	0.000	0.050	0.000	0.000	0.761
Education	0.229	0.098	0.019	0.116	0.094	0.217	0.072	0.087	0.406
Income $30K-50K	−0.384	0.278	0.167	0.096	0.233	0.682	−0.350	0.250	0.161
Income $50K-100K	−0.183	0.264	0.487	0.244	0.238	0.306	0.044	0.228	0.846
Income $100K +	−0.417	0.314	0.184	0.091	0.279	0.744	−0.039	0.271	0.885
Income (refused)	−0.533	0.291	0.067	0.016	0.288	0.954	−0.148	0.270	0.583
Census Division
Mid Atlantic	−0.089	0.438	0.840	−0.369	0.515	0.474	−0.177	0.496	0.722
East North Central	−0.723	0.456	0.113	−0.154	0.528	0.771	−0.473	0.527	0.369
West North Central	−0.695	0.492	0.158	−0.198	0.580	0.733	−0.580	0.542	0.285
South Atlantic	−0.501	0.447	0.262	−0.156	0.517	0.763	−0.237	0.498	0.635
East South Central	−0.503	0.570	0.378	−0.208	0.545	0.703	−0.573	0.515	0.266
West South Central	−1.044	0.514	0.042	−0.660	0.558	0.237	−0.403	0.559	0.470
Mountain	−0.572	0.485	0.239	−0.041	0.574	0.943	−0.200	0.593	0.735
Pacific	−0.623	0.438	0.155	−0.257	0.522	0.623	−0.166	0.497	0.738
Sports Variables
Personal Experience	0.741	0.355	0.037	−0.281	0.398	0.481	−0.068	0.342	0.844
American football fav sport	−0.513	0.196	0.009	−0.334	0.165	0.043	−0.332	0.169	0.049
Watch sports on tv	−0.106	0.038	0.005	−0.111	0.034	0.001	−0.067	0.036	0.065
/cut1	−2.251	1.145		−3.689	1.247		−3.409	1.007
/cut2	−1.373	1.156		−1.252	1.221		−0.467	0.993
/cut3				0.756	1.227		1.300	0.980
N/Pseudo R^2	968/.105			964/.081			972/.079

Notes: Models are estimated using ordered logit

Schwartz Political Value Scale Coding

The Schwartz political value scale was built from the shortened or 10-question version of the scale (Lindeman and Verkasalo 2005). The scale includes 10 statements. For each statement, respondents rate how important each concept is as a guiding principle in their life on a scale ranging from 0 (not important at all) to 5 (very important). The statements are as follows:

Q201 POWER: Power, social status, prestige

Q202 ACHIEVEMENT: Achievement, personal success, ambition

Q203 HEDONISM: Pleasure, enjoying life, personal gratification

Q204 STIMULATION: Excitement, novelty, challenge

Q205 SELF-DIRECTION: Independence, creativity, choosing my own goals

Q206 UNIVERSALISM: Tolerance, understanding of others, being broadminded

Q207 BENEVOLENCE: Being helpful, forgiving, loyal

Q208 TRADITION: Respect for tradition, accepting customs, humility

Q209 CONFORMITY: Politeness, honoring parents and elders, not upsetting others

Q210 SECURITY: Security, stability, safety for loved ones

Self Transcendence is the average of Q206/Q207

Self-Enhancement is the average of Q201/Q202/Q203

Openness to Change is the average of Q203/Q204/Q205

Conservation is the average of Q208/Q209/Q210

Lindeman, M. and Verkasalo, M., 2005. Measuring values with the short schwartz’s value survey. Journal of personality assessment, 85 (2), 170–178. doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa8502_09

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