https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8229-728X
Figures & data
Figure 1. Hypothetical spectral (a,b) and temporal (c,d) JARs for WEF (a,c) and echolocating bats (b,d).
When two WEF are in close proximity and their EODs are very similar, wave-type fish will shift their EOD frequency in opposite directions while pulse-type fish alter the inter-pulse interval between EODs. We depict what this may look like in echolocating bats according to the traditional definition modelled after the WEF. Bats using frequency-modulated echolocation calls, as shown in the figure, would potentially face both spectral and temporal jamming. However, shifting frequencies or emission rates are not the only parameters that bats may alter. Bats using constant-frequency echolocation calls (a.k.a high duty-cycle bats) have not received as much attention, but would likely face challenges similar to the wave-type electric fish, who exhibit 100% duty cycle signals. These bats still exhibit changes in spectral [Citation6,Citation7,Citation21,Citation27] and non-spectral parameters [Citation7,Citation8,Citation27]. For both WEF and bats, signal changes can be elicited with man-made stimuli and recordings of conspecifics.
![Figure 1. Hypothetical spectral (a,b) and temporal (c,d) JARs for WEF (a,c) and echolocating bats (b,d).When two WEF are in close proximity and their EODs are very similar, wave-type fish will shift their EOD frequency in opposite directions while pulse-type fish alter the inter-pulse interval between EODs. We depict what this may look like in echolocating bats according to the traditional definition modelled after the WEF. Bats using frequency-modulated echolocation calls, as shown in the figure, would potentially face both spectral and temporal jamming. However, shifting frequencies or emission rates are not the only parameters that bats may alter. Bats using constant-frequency echolocation calls (a.k.a high duty-cycle bats) have not received as much attention, but would likely face challenges similar to the wave-type electric fish, who exhibit 100% duty cycle signals. These bats still exhibit changes in spectral [Citation6,Citation7,Citation21,Citation27] and non-spectral parameters [Citation7,Citation8,Citation27]. For both WEF and bats, signal changes can be elicited with man-made stimuli and recordings of conspecifics.](/cms/asset/4bfae7fd-a711-4451-b556-dad034f457d3/kcib_a_1568818_f0001_b.gif)
