Tiered intake assessment for food colours

Figures & data

Figure 1. Stepwise approach to obtain realistic dietary exposure assessement (IPCS, 2009b, EHC 240).

Table 1. Types of beverages and colour use levels.

Colours	Use levels (mg kg^−1)
	Average	Reported maximum (Global)
Allura red	25	250
Amaranth	30	50
Annatto Norbixin-based	5	30
Azorubine (Carmoisine)	20	95
Brilliant Black	5	10
Brilliant Blue	10	40
Curcumin	30	60
Paprika Extract total carotenoid basis	10	10
Quinoline Yellow	15	120
Sunset Yellow	25	100
Tartrazine	10	100

Table 2. Proportion of beverages (based on U.S. market volume) with colours.

Beverage categories	Fraction containing any of the eleven colour (%)
LNCS CSD	3.5
Reg CSD	19.2
Juice Drinks	5.4
Non-Carb Water-Based Flavoured Drinks	1.6
Energy Drinks	2.2
Sports Drinks	8.1
RTD Tea	1.1
RTD Coffee	0

LNCS CSD = Low- and No-Calorie Sweetened Carbonated Soft Drinks; Reg CSD = Regular Carbonated Soft Drinks; Non-Carb Water-Based Flavoured Drinks = Non-carbonated water-based flavoured drinks; RTD = Ready-to-Drink.

Table 3. Beverage apportioned JECFA ADI.

Colours	JECFA ADI mg kg-bw^−1 day^−1	% of JECFA ADI assigned to beverages
		UK Toddler*	UK 1.5 + y Average*	US Children 2–5 y	US 2 + y
Allura red	7	24	40 (Mid category)	45	55
Amaranth	0.5	57^a	69^b (High category)	35^c	44^c
Annatto norbixin-based	0.6	36	40 (Mid category)	35^c	44^c
Azorubine	4	23	40 (Mid category)	35^c	44^c
Brilliant black	1	24	26 (Low category	35^c	44^c
Brilliant Blue	6	33	40 (Mid category)	30	34
Curcumin	3	16	26 (Low category	35^c	44^c
Paprika extract (total carotenoid basis)	1.5	20	26 (Low category	35^c	44^c
Quinoline yellow	3	37	40 (Mid category)	35^c	44^c
Sunset yellow	4	57	69 (High category)	34	54
Tartrazine	10	55	40 (Mid category)	32	31

* Based on EFSA assessments.

^aBased on Sunset yellow where the overall average is also “high”.

^bThis % refers to non-alcoholic beverages for sunset yellow, as the % available for amaranth in the EFSA assessment included alcoholic drinks.

^cNo data available – assigned the average of the other four colours.

Figure 2. Tiered intake assessements.

Table 4. Tiered assessment scenarios.

Types of Assessment	Scenario	Colour assumptions	Scenario code
Brand loyal – Deterministic	Scenario 1	Reported maximum global use level applied to all beverages.	BLD-1
Brand loyal – Deterministic	Scenario 2	Reported maximum global use level applied to RegCSD; average use level applied to all other beverages.	BLD-2
Market Share Deterministic	Scenario 3	Reported maximum global use level applied to RegCSD; average use level applied to all other beverages; corresponding fraction of colour-containing market share data applied to all beverages.	MSD

Table 5. Theoretical maximum beverage concentration (TMBC) for colour in beverages based on the ‘default’ budget method.

		TMBC (mg kg^−1)
		Toddlers and Young Children		General Population
Colours	Maximum reported global use level in beverages (mg kg^−1)	US Young Children 2–5 y	UK Toddlers	US 2 + y	UK 1.5 + y
Allura red	250	32	17	154	112
Amaranth	50	2	3	9	14
Annatto, norbixin-based	30	2	2	11	10
Azorubine	95	14	9	70	64
Brilliant black	10	4	2	18	10
Brilliant Blue	40	18	20	82	96
Curcumin	60	11	5	53	31
Paprika extract (total carotenoid basis)	10	5	3	26	16
Quinoline yellow	120	11	11	53	48
Sunset yellow	100	14	23	86	110
Tartrazine	100	32	55	124	160

Shaded cells are where maximum reported global use levels exceed TMBC.

Table 6. Theoretical maximum beverage concentration (TMBC) for colour in beverages based on the ‘refined’ budget method.

		TMBC (mg kg^−1)
		Toddlers and young children		General population
Colours	Maximum reported global use level in beverages (mg kg^−1)	US Young children 2–5 y	UK toddlers	US 2 + y	UK 1.5 + y
Allura red	250	210	168	257	280
Amaranth	50	12	29	15	35
Annatto, norbixin-based	30	14	22	18	24
Azorubine	95	93	92	117	160
Brilliant black	10	23	24	29	26
Brilliant Blue	40	120	198	136	240
Curcumin	60	70	48	88	78
Paprika extract (total carotenoid basis)	10	35	30	44	39
Quinoline yellow	120	70	111	88	120
Sunset yellow	100	91	228	144	276
Tartrazine	100	213	550	207	400

Shaded cells are where maximum reported global use levels exceed TMBC.

Table 7. Per consumer estimated daily intake of brilliant black, brilliant blue, curcumin, paprika extract and tartrazine, mg kg-bw⁻¹ day⁻¹, 2-day average; US NHANES 2013–2016.

		Colour (JECFA ADI)
		Brilliant black (1 mg kg-bw^−1 day^−1)			Brilliant blue (6 mg kg-bw^−1 day^−1)			Curcumin (3 mg kg-bw^−1 day^−1)			Paprika Extract (1.5 mg kg-bw^−1 day^−1) (total carotenoids)			Tartrazine (10 mg kg-bw^−1 day^−1)
Sub-population N (% consumers)	Scenario Code	Mean	90^th	95^th	Mean	90^th	95^th	Mean	90^th	95^th	Mean	90^th	95^th	Mean	90^th	95^th
Toddlers 12–35 months N = 718 (44)	BLD-1	0.16	0.34	0.46	0.64	1.36	1.83	0.96	2.04	2.74	0.16	0.34	0.46	1.6	3.4	4.56
	BLD-2	0.09	0.18	0.27	0.20	0.47	0.63	0.52	1.11	1.61	0.16	0.34	0.46	0.28	0.63	1.08
	MSD	0.01	0.02	0.02	0.02	0.05	0.08	0.04	0.11	0.14	0.01	0.02	0.04	0.03	0.09	0.19
Children 3–9y N = 1869 (68)	BLD-1	0.11	0.23	0.32	0.44	0.93	1.29	0.66	1.40	1.93	0.11	0.23	0.32	1.10	2.33	3.22
	BLD-2	0.07	0.16	0.21	0.21	0.51	0.65	0.43	0.97	1.23	0.11	0.23	0.32	0.40	1.09	1.39
	MSD	0.01	0.02	0.03	0.03	0.08	0.10	0.05	0.13	0.17	0.01	0.03	0.03	0.07	0.19	0.25
Adolescents 10–17y N = 2227 (81)	BLD-1	0.08	0.16	0.20	0.32	0.63	0.82	0.47	0.94	1.23	0.08	0.16	0.20	0.79	1.57	2.05
	BLD-2	0.06	0.12	0.16	0.18	0.41	0.57	0.34	0.74	0.94	0.08	0.16	0.20	0.39	0.93	1.30
	MSD	0.01	0.02	0.03	0.03	0.07	0.10	0.05	0.11	0.16	0.01	0.02	0.03	0.07	0.17	0.23
Adults 18–64y N = 7068 (71)	BLD-1	0.08	0.16	0.20	0.30	0.63	0.8	0.45	0.94	1.20	0.08	0.16	0.20	0.76	1.57	2.00
	BLD-2	0.05	0.11	0.15	0.17	0.40	0.53	0.32	0.67	0.90	0.08	0.16	0.20	0.37	0.93	1.26
	MSD	0.01	0.02	0.02	0.03	0.07	0.10	0.04	0.11	0.15	0.01	0.02	0.03	0.06	0.18	0.24
Elderly 65–74y N = 1217 (61)	BLD-1	0.05	0.12	0.14	0.22	0.46	0.58	0.33	0.70	0.87	0.05	0.12	0.14	0.54	1.16	1.45
	BLD-2	0.04	0.07	0.10	0.10	0.25	0.30	0.21	0.44	0.58	0.05	0.12	0.14	0.20	0.59	0.74
	MSD	0.00	0.01	0.01	0.01	0.05	0.06	0.02	0.07	0.09	0.00	0.01	0.02	0.03	0.11	0.14
Very elderly N = 867 (56)	BLD-1	0.04	0.09	0.10	0.18	0.37	0.41	0.27	0.56	0.61	0.04	0.09	0.10	0.44	0.93	1.01
	BLD-2	0.03	0.06	0.09	0.09	0.18	0.27	0.17	0.35	0.52	0.04	0.09	0.10	0.17	0.45	0.68
	MSD	0,00	0.01	0.01	0.01	0.03	0.05	0.02	0.05	0.08	0.00	0.01	0.02	0.03	0.09	0.13

N = unweighted population size; JECFA ADI = Joint (FAO/WHO) Expert Committee on Food Additives Acceptable Daily Intake; BLD = Brand-Loyal Deterministic Scenarios; MSD = Market-Share adjusted Deterministic.

Table 8. Per consumer estimated daily intake of allura red, annatto norbixin, azorubine, quinoline yellow and sunset yellow, mg kg-bw⁻¹ day⁻¹, 2-day average; US NHANES 2013–2016.

		Colour (JECFA ADI)
		Allura red (7 mg kg-bw^−1 day^−1)			Annatto (Norbixin) (0.6 mg kg-bw^−1 day^−1)			Azorubine (4 mg kg-bw^−1 day^−1)			Quinoline yellow (3 mg kg-bw^−1 day^−1)			Sunset yellow (4 mg kg-bw^−1 day^−1)
Sub-population N (% consumers)	Scenario code	Mean	90^th	95^th	Mean	90^th	95^th	Mean	90^th	95^th	Mean	90^th	95^th	Mean	90^th	95^th
Toddlers 12–35 months N = 718 (44)	BLD-1	4.00	8.49	11.41	0.48	1.02	1.37	1.52	3.23	4.34	1.92	4.07	5.48	1.60	3.40	4.56
	BLD-2	0.70	1.58	2.69	0.11	0.28	0.37	0.42	1.05	1.28	0.38	0.85	1.32	0.50	1.18	1.56
	MSD	0.09	0.22	0.47	0.01	0.03	0.06	0.04	0.10	0.19	0.04	0.11	0.23	0.05	0.11	0.20
Children 3–9y N = 1869 (68)	BLD-1	2.75	5.84	8.06	0.33	0.70	0.97	1.05	2.22	3.06	1.32	2.80	3.87	1.10	2.33	3.22
	BLD-2	0.99	2.72	3.47	0.13	0.35	0.45	0.46	1.15	1.48	0.50	1.32	1.72	0.51	1.28	1.63
	MSD	0.16	0.48	0.62	0.02	0.06	0.07	0.07	0.19	0.24	0.08	0.23	0.30	0.07	0.20	0.25
Adolescents 10–17y N = 2227 (81)	BLD-1	1.98	3.92	5.12	0.24	0.47	0.61	0.75	1.49	1.94	0.95	1.88	2.46	0.79	1.57	2.05
	BLD-2	0.98	2.32	3.26	0.13	0.29	0.41	0.42	0.95	1.32	0.48	1.12	1.60	0.46	1.04	1.41
	MSD	0.17	0.44	0.58	0.02	0.05	0.07	0.07	0.17	0.23	0.08	0.21	0.28	0.07	0.18	0.25
Adults 18–64y N = 7068 (71)	BLD-1	1.89	3.92	5.01	0.23	0.47	0.60	0.72	1.49	1.90	0.91	1.88	2.41	0.76	1.57	2.00
	BLD-2	0.92	2.33	3.16	0.12	0.29	0.38	0.40	0.92	1.24	0.46	1.13	1.52	0.43	0.99	1.32
	MSD	0.16	0.44	0.6	0.02	0.05	0.07	0.06	0.17	0.23	0.08	0.21	0.29	0.07	0.18	0.24
Elderly 65–74y N = 1217 (61)	BLD-1	1.36	2.9	3.62	0.16	0.35	0.43	0.52	1.10	1.38	0.65	1.39	1.74	0.54	1.16	1.45
	BLD-2	0.5	1.48	1.85	0.07	0.18	0.22	0.23	0.58	0.70	0.25	0.72	0.89	0.26	0.62	0.74
	MSD	0.08	0.28	0.35	0.01	0.03	0.04	0.03	0.11	0.13	0.04	0.14	0.17	0.03	0.11	0.14
Very elderly N = 867 (56)	BLD-1	1.11	2.33	2.53	0.13	0.28	0.30	0.42	0.88	0.96	0.53	1.12	1.22	0.44	0.93	1.01
	BLD-2	0.42	1.11	1.7	0.06	0.13	0.20	0.19	0.43	0.64	0.21	0.53	0.82	0.21	0.45	0.69
	MSD	0.07	0.21	0.31	0.01	0.03	0.04	0.03	0.08	0.12	0.03	0.10	0.15	0.03	0.09	0.13

N = unweighted population size; JECFA ADI = Joint (FAO/WHO) Expert Committee on Food Additives Acceptable Daily Intake; BLD = Brand-Loyal Deterministic Scenarios; MSD = Market-Share adjusted Deterministic.

Shaded cells are where estimated daily intakes (EDIs) exceed the JECFA ADI

Table 9. Per consumer estimated daily intake of amaranth, mg kg-bw⁻¹ day⁻¹, 2-day average; US NHANES 2013–2016, JECFA ADI: 0.5 mg kg-bw⁻¹ day^−1.

Subpopulation N (% consumers)	Scenario Code	Mean	90^th	95^th
Toddlers 12–35 months N = 718 (44)	BLD-1	0.80	1.70	2.28
	BLD-2	0.51	1.08	1.40
	MSD	0.04	0.10	0.14
Children 3–9y N = 1869 (68)	BLD-1	0.55	1.17	1.61
	BLD-2	0.39	0.89	1.16
	MSD	0.04	0.11	0.14
Adolescents 10–17y N = 2227 (81)	BLD-1	0.40	0.78	1.02
	BLD-2	0.31	0.64	0.81
	MSD	0.04	0.09	0.13
Adults 18–64y N = 7068 (71)	BLD-1	0.38	0.78	1.00
	BLD-2	0.29	0.60	0.79
	MSD	0.04	0.09	0.13
Elderly 65–74y N = 1217 (61)	BLD-1	0.27	0.58	0.72
	BLD-2	0.20	0.42	0.55
	MSD	0.02	0.06	0.07
Very elderly N = 867 (56)	BLD-1	0.22	0.47	0.51
	BLD-2	0.16	0.32	0.45
	MSD	0.02	0.04	0.07

N = unweighted population size; JECFA ADI = Joint (FAO/WHO) Expert Committee on Food Additives Acceptable Daily Intake; BLD = Brand-Loyal Deterministic Scenarios; MSD = Market-Share adjusted Deterministic.

Shaded cells are where estimated daily intakes (EDIs) exceed the JECFA ADI

Table 10. Per consumer estimated daily intake of brilliant black, brilliant blue, curcumin, paprika extract and tartrazine, mg kg-bw⁻¹ day⁻¹, 4-day average; UK NDNS RP 1–8.

		Colour (JECFA ADI)
		Brilliant black (1 mg kg-bw^−1 day^−1)			Brilliant blue (6 mg kg-bw^−1 day^−1)			Curcumin (3 mg kg-bw^−1 day^−1)			Paprika extract (1.5 mg kg-bw^−1 day^−1) (total carotenoids)			Tartrazine (10 mg kg-bw^−1 day^−1)
Subpopulation N (% consumers)	Scenario Code	Mean	90^th	95^th	Mean	90^th	95^th	Mean	90^th	95^th	Mean	90^th	95^th	Mean	90^th	95^th
Toddlers 18–35 months N = 567 (76)	BLD-1	0.21	0.44	0.56	0.91	1.86	2.27	1.28	2.64	3.39	0.21	0.44	0.56	2.13	4.40	5.64
	BLD-2	0.11	0.22	0.28	0.23	0.51	0.62	0.65	1.32	1.69	0.21	0.44	0.56	0.24	0.51	0.72
	MSD	0.01	0.01	0.02	0.01	0.03	0.05	0.04	0.08	0.11	0.01	0.02	0.03	0.02	0.03	0.07
Children 3–9y N = 2248 (86)	BLD-1	0.15	0.33	0.41	0.65	1.38	1.72	0.92	1.98	2.48	0.15	0.33	0.41	1.53	3.30	4.13
	BLD-2	0.08	0.18	0.22	0.20	0.42	0.56	0.50	1.06	1.32	0.15	0.33	0.41	0.27	0.61	0.89
	MSD	0.01	0.01	0.02	0.02	0.04	0.06	0.04	0.08	0.12	0.01	0.02	0.03	0.03	0.09	0.14
Adolescents 10–17y N = 2549 (90)	BLD-1	0.09	0.18	0.24	0.37	0.75	0.97	0.55	1.08	1.44	0.09	0.18	0.24	0.91	1.81	2.40
	BLD-2	0.06	0.12	0.14	0.16	0.33	0.42	0.35	0.69	0.84	0.09	0.18	0.24	0.31	0.68	0.91
	MSD	0.01	0.01	0.02	0.02	0.05	0.07	0.04	0.08	0.11	0.01	0.02	0.02	0.05	0.12	0.16
Adults 18–64y N = 4751 (70)	BLD-1	0.05	0.12	0.15	0.14	0.39	0.54	0.31	0.71	0.91	0.05	0.12	0.15	0.52	1.18	1.52
	BLD-2	0.03	0.08	0.10	0.06	0.18	0.25	0.20	0.46	0.58	0.05	0.12	0.15	0.18	0.48	0.65
	MSD	0	0.01	0.01	0.01	0.02	0.04	0.02	0.06	0.07	0	0.01	0.01	0.03	0.08	0.12
Elderly 65–74y N = 737 (51)	BLD-1	0.03	0.05	0.07	0.05	0.15	0.21	0.16	0.32	0.42	0.03	0.05	0.07	0.26	0.53	0.70
	BLD-2	0.02	0.03	0.04	0.02	0.06	0.10	0.10	0.20	0.24	0.03	0.05	0.07	0.08	0.20	0.28
	MSD	0	0	0.01	0	0.01	0.01	0.01	0.02	0.03	0	0	0.01	0.01	0.04	0.05
Very elderly N = 520 (42)	BLD-1	0.03	0.05	0.08	0.05	0.15	0.19	0.17	0.30	0.48	0.03	0.05	0.08	0.28	0.50	0.81
	BLD-2	0.02	0.04	0.04	0.02	0.05	0.11	0.10	0.21	0.27	0.03	0.05	0.08	0.08	0.25	0.29
	MSD	0	0	0.01	0	0.01	0.01	0.01	0.03	0.04	0	0.01	0.01	0.01	0.04	0.05

N = unweighted population size; JECFA ADI = Joint (FAO/WHO) Expert Committee on Food Additives Acceptable Daily Intake; BLD = Brand-Loyal Deterministic Scenarios; MSD = Market-Share adjusted Deterministic

Shaded cells are where estimated daily intakes (EDIs) exceed the JECFA ADI

Table 11. Per consumer estimated daily intake of allura red, annatto norbixin, azorubine, quinoline yellow and sunset yellow, mg kg-bw⁻¹ day⁻¹, 4-day average; UK NDNS RP 1–8.

		Colour (JECFA ADI)
		Allura red (7 mg kg-bw^−1 day^−1)			Annatto norbixin (0.6 mg kg-bw^−1 day^−1)			Azorubine (4 mg kg-bw^−1 day^−1)			Quinoline yellow (3 mg kg-bw^−1 day^−1)			Sunset yellow (4 mg kg-bw^−1 day^−1)
Sub-population	Scenario code	Mean	90^th	95^th	Mean	90^th	95^th	Mean	90^th	95^th	Mean	90^th	95^th	Mean	90^th	95^th
Toddlers 18–35 months N = 567 (76)	BLD-1	5.32	11.00	14.11	0.64	1.32	1.69	2.02	4.18	5.36	2.55	5.28	6.77	2.13	4.40	5.64
	BLD-2	0.59	1.27	1.79	0.11	0.24	0.31	0.44	0.98	1.24	0.35	0.75	1.01	0.55	1.22	1.48
	MSD	0.04	0.08	0.17	0.01	0.01	0.02	0.03	0.06	0.09	0.02	0.05	0.09	0.03	0.07	0.10
Children 3–9y N = 2248 (86)	BLD-1	3.82	8.24	10.32	0.46	0.99	1.24	1.45	3.13	3.92	1.83	3.96	4.95	1.53	3.30	4.13
	BLD-2	0.68	1.52	2.22	0.11	0.23	0.32	0.40	0.87	1.15	0.37	0.79	1.17	0.48	1.03	1.35
	MSD	0.08	0.22	0.34	0.01	0.03	0.04	0.04	0.10	0.14	0.04	0.11	0.17	0.04	0.11	0.15
Adolescents 10–17y N = 2549 (90)	BLD-1	2.28	4.51	6.00	0.27	0.54	0.72	0.87	1.72	2.28	1.09	2.17	2.88	0.91	1.81	2.40
	BLD-2	0.77	1.70	2.26	0.11	0.23	0.29	0.36	0.75	0.97	0.39	0.84	1.11	0.41	0.84	1.06
	MSD	0.12	0.31	0.41	0.02	0.04	0.05	0.05	0.12	0.16	0.06	0.15	0.20	0.05	0.13	0.17
Adults 18–64y N = 4751 (70)	BLD-1	1.30	2.96	3.79	0.16	0.35	0.46	0.49	1.12	1.44	0.62	1.42	1.82	0.52	1.18	1.52
	BLD-2	0.45	1.19	1.61	0.06	0.15	0.21	0.21	0.51	0.68	0.23	0.58	0.79	0.24	0.56	0.75
	MSD	0.07	0.21	0.29	0.01	0.03	0.04	0.03	0.08	0.11	0.04	0.10	0.14	0.03	0.09	0.12
Elderly 65–74y N = 737 (51)	BLD-1	0.66	1.33	1.76	0.08	0.16	0.21	0.25	0.50	0.67	0.32	0.64	0.85	0.26	0.53	0.70
	BLD-2	0.20	0.49	0.71	0.03	0.06	0.09	0.10	0.23	0.30	0.10	0.24	0.34	0.11	0.25	0.32
	MSD	0.03	0.09	0.14	0.00	0.01	0.02	0.01	0.04	0.05	0.02	0.04	0.07	0.01	0.04	0.05
Very elderly N = 520 (42)	BLD-1	0.71	1.26	2.02	0.08	0.15	0.24	0.27	0.48	0.77	0.34	0.61	0.97	0.28	0.50	0.81
	BLD-2	0.19	0.61	0.72	0.03	0.08	0.09	0.10	0.26	0.31	0.10	0.29	0.37	0.11	0.29	0.35
	MSD	0.03	0.10	0.13	0.00	0.01	0.02	0.01	0.04	0.05	0.01	0.05	0.06	0.01	0.04	0.05

N = unweighted population size; JECFA ADI = Joint (FAO/WHO) Expert Committee on Food Additives Acceptable Daily Intake; BLD = Brand-Loyal Deterministic Scenarios; MSD = Market-Share adjusted Deterministic.

Shaded cells are where estimated daily intakes (EDIs) exceed the JECFA ADI

Table 12. Per consumer estimated daily intake of amaranth, mg kg-bw⁻¹ day⁻¹, 4-day average; UK NDNS RP 1–8, JECFA ADI: 0.5 mg kg-bw⁻¹ day^−1.

Subpopulation	Scenario Code	Mean	90^th	95^th
Toddlers 12–35 months N = 567 (76)	BLD-1	1.06	2.20	2.82
	BLD-2	0.64	1.32	1.69
	MSD	0.04	0.08	0.10
Children 3–9y N = 2248 (86)	BLD-1	0.76	1.65	2.06
	BLD-2	0.48	1.03	1.31
	MSD	0.03	0.07	0.10
Adolescents 10–17y N = 2549 (90)	BLD-1	0.46	0.90	1.20
	BLD-2	0.32	0.65	0.79
	MSD	0.03	0.07	0.09
Adults 18–64y N = 4751 (70)	BLD-1	0.26	0.59	0.76
	BLD-2	0.18	0.41	0.55
	MSD	0.02	0.05	0.07
Elderly 65–74y N = 737 (51)	BLD-1	0.13	0.27	0.35
	BLD-2	0.09	0.18	0.23
	MSD	0.01	0.02	0.03
Very elderly N = 520 (42)	BLD-1	0.14	0.25	0.40
	BLD-2	0.10	0.20	0.25
	MSD	0.01	0.03	0.03

N = unweighted population size; JECFA ADI = Joint (FAO/WHO) Expert Committee on Food Additives Acceptable Daily Intake; BLD = Brand-Loyal Deterministic Scenarios; MSD = Market-Share adjusted Deterministic.

Shaded cells are where estimated daily intakes (EDIs) exceed the JECFA ADI

[IPCS] International Programme on Chemical Safety. 2009b. Environmental health criteria 240: principles and methods for the risk assessment of chemicals in food. Chapter 6: dietary exposure assessment of chemicals in food. Geneva (Switzerland):World Health Organization.

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