Characterization, health benefits and applications of fruits and vegetable probiotics

Figures & data

Figure 1. Prebiotics, probiotics and gut microbiota relationship in maintaining human health. Fruits and vegetable can provide prebiotics-probiotics benefits to human through direct consumption of fresh, fermented products and/or functional metabolites in synbiotics food.

Figura 1. Relación entre prebióticos, probióticos y microbiota intestinal para mantener la salud humana. Las frutas y verduras pueden proporcionar beneficios prebióticos-probióticos al ser humano a través del consumo directo de productos frescos fermentados y/o de metabolitos funcionales en los alimentos simbióticos.

Figure 2. Fruits and vegetable-based probiotics isolation and identification schematic presentation using gastrointestinal tract conditions.

Figura 2. Presentación esquemática del aislamiento e identificación de probióticos a base de frutas y verduras utilizando condiciones similares a las del tracto gastrointestinal.

Table 1. Traditional and emerging fermented fruits and vegetable products and their corresponding probiotics.

Tabla 1. Frutas y verduras fermentadas tradicionales y emergentes y sus probióticos correspondientes.

Products	Main ingredients	Probiotics	References
Burong mustala, Inziangsang, Suan-tsai, Pak-Gard-Dong and Dakguadong	Mustard leaves	Lactobacillus brevis, L. plantarum, Pediocococcus cerevisiae, Pediococcus pentosaceus and Tetragenococcus halophilus	(Panghal et al., 2018)
Broccoli juice	Broccoli	Leuconostoc mesenteroides, Weissella spp., Enterococcus gallinarum and Lactococcus spp.	(Xu et al., 2018)
Cherries juice	Cherries	Pediococcus pentosaceus and Enterococcus gallinarum	(Xu et al., 2018)
Cucumbers	Cucumbers, vinegar, salt	Pediococcus spp., Lactobacillus spp. and Leuconostoc spp.	(Zieliński, Surma, & Zielińska, 2017)
Dhamuoi	Cabbage and other vegetables	Lactobacillus plantarum, Leuconostoc mesenteroides	(Panghal et al., 2018)
Hardaliye	Red grape juice, black mustard seeds	Lactobacillus paracasei, L. brevis, L. casei subsp. caseipseudoplantarum, L. pontis, L. acetotolerans, L. sanfranciscensis	(Panghal et al., 2018)
Jiang-gua	Cucumbers, salt, sugar, vinegar and soy sauce	Leuconostoc lactis, Leoconostoc mesenteroides, Lactobacillus pentosus, Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus paraplantarum, Lactococcus latis subsp. lactis, Weissella hellenica, Weissella cibaria	(Chen et al., 2012)
Kimchi	Cabbage, radish, spices (garlic, ginger, pepper and onion)	Lactobacillus plantarum, L. brevis, L. curvatus, L. sakei, L. maltaromicus, L. bavaricus, Weissella confusa, Weissella kimchi, Weissella koreensis, Leuconostoc mesenteroides, Leuconostoc kimchi, Leuconostoc cireum, Leuconostoc gasicomitatum and Leuconostoc pseudomesenteroides	(Le & Yang, 2018)
Pao-cai	Cabbage, celery, cucumber, and radish, ginger, salt, sugar, hot red pepper	Lactobacillus pentosus, L. plantarum, L. brevis, L. lactis, L. fermentum and Leuconostoc mesenteroides	(Swain et al., 2014)
Pickles	Varieties of fruits and vegetable-cucumbers, mangoes: usually in 10–15% salt NaCl, brine	Lactobacillus casei, L. planturum, L. rhamnosus, L. Pentosus, L. acidophilus, Pediococcus pentosaceus and P. acidilactic	(Cao et al., 2016; Fan, Breidt, Price, & Pérez-Díaz, 2017)
Radish juice	Radish	Weissella confusa, Enterococcus durans and Bacillus coagulans	(Xu et al., 2018)
Salgam	Black carrots, turnip, bulgur flour, sourdough, yeast, salt and water	Lactobacillus plantarum, L. paracasei, L. fermentum, L. brevis, L. pentosus, L. buchneri, L. helveticus, L. acidophillus, Lactococcus spp., Pediococcus spp., Leuconosctoc spp. and Saccharomyces spp.	(Coskun, 2017; Ekinci et al., 2016)
Sauerkraut	Cabbage, salt	Leuconostoc mesenteroides, Lactobacillus brevis and L. plantarum	(Peñas et al., 2017)
Tursu	Cucumbers, cabbage, green tomatoes, green peppers and other vegetables	Lactobacillus plantarum, L. brevis, Leuconostoc mesenteroides and Pediococcus pentosaceus	(Çetin, 2011)
Wine (red)	Grapes	Oenococcus oeni, Pediococcus parvulus, P. pentosaceus, Lactobacillus casei and L. plantarum	(García-Ruiz et al., 2014)
Yan-taozih	Peaches, salt, sugar and pickled plums	Leuconostoc mesenteroides, Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis, L. brevis, Weissella cibaria, W. paramesenteroides, W. minor and Enterococcus faecalis	(Chen et al., 2013)

Table 2. Example of some probiotics and reported specific benefits to human health.

Tabla 2. Ejemplos de algunos probióticos y beneficios específicos reportados para la salud humana.

Probiotics	Reported specific benefits/antagonistic activity	Reference
Lactobacillus acidophillus	Antimicrobial activity against Clostridium jejuni and Listeria monocytogenes	(Campana, van Hemert, & Baffone, 2017)
Lactobacillus casei	Antimicrobial activity against Clostridium sakazakii, Clostridium jejuni and Listeria monocytogenes	(Campana et al., 2017)
Lactobacillus paracasei	Anticancer activity, E. coli and Listeria innocua inhibition effects	(Tarrah et al., 2019)
Lactobacillus plantarum	Antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus enteritidis, Clostridium sakazakii, Clostridium jejuni, Listeria monocytogenes and E. coli	(Campana et al., 2017)
Lactobacillus lactis	Antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus enteritidis, Clostridium sakazakii, Clostridium jejuni, Listeria monocytogenes and E. coli	(Campana et al., 2017)
Lactobacillus rhamnosus	Antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus enteritidis, Clostridium sakazakii, Clostridium jejuni, Listeria monocytogenes, E. coli and Clostridium difficile	(Campana et al., 2017; Valdés-Varela, Gueimonde, & Ruas-Madiedo, 2018)
Saccharomyces boulardii	Treatment of antibiotics associated diarrhea as well as by Clostridium difficile (traveler’s disease)	(Pennacchia et al., 2008; Valdés-Varela et al., 2018)
Weissella cibaria	Anti-inflammatory effect, antimicrobial activity against Listeria monocytogenes, E. coli and Salmonella spp.	(Le & Yang, 2018)
Weissella koreensis	Anti-obesity, antimicrobial activity against Listeria monocytogenes, E. coli and Salmonella spp.	(Le & Yang, 2018)
Lactobacillus buchneri	Antimicrobial against Candida albicans	(Shokryazdan et al., 2017)
Bifidobacterium animalis	Anti-rotaviral, treatment against antibiotics uses and Clostridium difficile related diarrhea. Also improves immune functioning in human	(Miller et al., 2017; Vasiljevic & Shah, 2008)
Bifidobacterium bifidum	Antimicrobial activity against Clostridium sakazakii, Clostridium jejuni, Listeria monocytogenes and E. coli	(Campana et al., 2017)
Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium spp.	Inhibit growth of tumor cell, produce anti-carcinogens and reduces the chances for cancer	(Vasiljevic & Shah, 2008)
Lactobacillus reuteri	Improves immune system	(Indrio et al., 2017)
LAB	Control of blood cholesterol-Hypocholesterolemia-effect and hyperlipidemia, Immune modulation, Effective against Salmonella enterica ver. Typhimurium, Rota viral infections and Clostridium difficile diarrhea.	(Miller et al., 2017; Valdés-Varela et al., 2018; Wang et al., 2014)
Lactobacillus salivarius	Antimicrobial activity against Listeria monocytogenes, Streptococcus enteritidis, S. mutans, Candida albicans, Clostridium sakazakii and C. jejuni	(Campana et al., 2017; Krzyściak et al., 2017)
Lactobacillus helveticus and Saccharomyces cerevisiae	Reduction of hypertension effects	(Hendijani & Akbari, 2018)
Oenococcus oeni	Immune modulation and anti-inflammatory effects	(Foligné et al., 2010)
Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium longum	Associated with reduced incidences of colorectal cancer	(Parvez, Malik, Ah Kang, & Kim, 2006)
Bacillus subtilis	Stimulates the immune system, reduce frequency of infections, has antagonistic effect on H. pylori infection, also has protective effect on other LAB during food processing, storage and in the GIT	(Lefevre et al., 2017, Lefevre et al., 2015; Pinchuk et al., 2001; Yahav, Berkovich, Ostrov, Reifen, & Shemesh, 2018)
Bacillus clausii	Anti-Helicobacter pylori and reduce side effects related to H. pylori antibiotics therapy, treatment of acute diarrhea in children and immunomodulating activity	(Ianiro et al., 2018; Nista et al., 2004; Sudha, Jayanthi, Pandey, & Verma, 2019)
Bacillus licheniformis	Prevents insulin resistance, has antibiotics effect against H. pylori, reduce the effect of antibiotics use in treatment of diarrhea and can detoxify aflatoxin B1up to 94.7% in food matrixes.	(Elshaghabee, Rokana, Gulhane, Sharma, & Panwar, 2017; Raksha Rao, Vipin, Hariprasad, Anu Appaiah, & Venkateswaran, 2017)

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