Determination and dietary exposure assessment of 79 pesticide residues in Chinese onion (Allium fistulosum L.)

Figures & data

Table 1. Average concentration and percentage occurrence of detected residues in Chinese onion collected from Chongqing, China.

NO.	Pesticides	Category	China MRLs (mg/kg)	Min-Max (mg/kg)	Mean (mg/kg)	Median (mg/kg)	Number-percentage (%)
1	Cyfluthrin	I	–	1.169	ND	ND	1 (0.5%)
2	Profenofos	I	–	0.036	ND	ND	1 (0.5%)
3	Emamectin Benzoate	I	0.02	0.073	ND	ND	1 (0.5%)
4	Triazophos	I	0.05*	0.012	ND	ND	1 (0.5%)
5	Isocarbophos	I	0.05*	0.029	ND	ND	1 (0.5%)
6	Deltamethrin	I	–	0.044	ND	ND	1 (0.5%)
7	Phoxim	I	0.05*	0.016	ND	ND	1 (0.5%)
8	Isofenphos-methyl	I	0.01*	0.246–1.202	0.724	0.724	2 (1.1%)
9	Chlorpyrifos	I	0.02*	0.012–0.351	0.180	0.180	2 (1.1%)
10	Prochloraz	F	2	0.588–0.029	0.309	0.309	2 (1.1%)
11	Carbofuran	I	0.02*	0.012–0.049	0.025	0.031	3 (1.6%)
12	Azoxystrobin	F	7	0.067–0.529	0.262	0.298	3 (1.6%)
13	Paclobutrazol	PGR	–	0.016–0.089	0.044	0.058	3 (1.6%)
14	Iprodione	F	25	0.020–0.159	0.070	0.090	3 (1.6%)
15	Pyridaben	I	–	0.041–0.154	0.098	0.039	4 (2.2%)
16	Bifenthrin	I	–	0.016–0.024	0.020	0.021	4 (2.2%)
17	Acetamiprid	I	5	0.010–0.020	0.015	0.050	4 (2.2%)
18	Chlorfenapyr	I	–	0.081–0.161	0.110	0.084	5 (2.7%)
19	Dimethomorph	F	9	0.055–0.089	0.077	0.072	8 (4.4%)
20	Difenoconazole	F	2	0.072–0.360	0.211	0.281	9 (4.9%)
21	Imidacloprid	I	2	0.012–0.019	0.014	0.016	9 (4.9%)
22	Cyhalothrin	I	0.2*	0.011–2.705	0.956	0.082	9 (4.9%)
23	Cyromazine	I	3	0.023–0.074	0.056	0.049	10 (5.4%)
24	Carbendazim	F	–	0.028–3.600	1.481	1.814	10 (5.4%)
25	Metalaxyl	F	–	0.016–0.071	0.035	0.044	11 (6.0%)
26	Pyrimethanil	F	3	0.024–0.074	0.053	0.043	15 (8.2%)
27	Procymidone	F	7	0.032–0.050	0.040	0.036	15 (8.2%)
28	Propamocarb	F	–	1.700–3.100	2.396	2.400	15 (8.2%)
29	Cypermethrin	I	2	0.018–0.026	0.021	0.022	16 (8.7%)
30	Thiamethoxam	I	0.3	0.012–0.451	0.117	0.039	16 (8.7%)
31	Pyraclostrobine	F	3	0.016–0.278	0.105	0.019	17 (9.2%)

*Chinese MRLs of the bulb vegetables.−There was no value of China MRLs on Chinese onion or the bulb vegetables.ND – It indicates that there was no value of Mean and Median.Number-percentage – Number represents the detection times of specific pesticide; percentage is frequency of detection in samples.I – Insecticide; F – Fungicide; PGR – Plant growth regulator.

Figure 1. Number of samples with one and multiple residue.

Table 2. Chronic dietary exposure assessment of pesticide residues in Chinese onions.

NO.	Pesticide	ADI (mg/kg·bw)	STMR (mg/kg)	NEDI (mg/kg·bw)		%ADI
				Children	Adults	Children	Adults
1	Emamectin Benzoate	0.0005	0.02	1.3E-05	4.5E-06	2.67	0.91
2	Triazophos	0.001	0.05	3.3E-05	1.1E-05	3.33	1.13
3	Isocarbophos	0.003	0.05	3.3E-05	1.1E-05	1.11	0.38
4	Phoxim	0.004	0.05	3.3E-05	1.1E-05	0.83	0.28
5	Isofenphos-methyl	0.003	0.724	4.8E-04	1.6E-04	16.09	5.46
6	Chlopyrifos	0.01	0.180	1.2E-04	4.1E-05	1.20	0.41
7	Prochloraz	0.01	0.309	2.1E-04	7.0E-05	2.06	0.70
8	Carbofuran	0.001	0.025	1.7E-05	5.7E-06	1.69	0.57
9	Azoxystrobin	0.2	0.262	1.7E-04	5.9E-05	0.09	0.03
10	Paclobutrazol	0.1	0.044	2.9E-05	1.0E-05	0.03	0.01
11	Iprodione	0.06	0.070	4.7E-05	1.6E-05	0.08	0.03
12	Pyridaben	0.01	0.098	6.5E-05	2.2E-05	0.65	0.22
13	Bifenthrin	0.01	0.020	1.3E-05	4.5E-06	0.13	0.05
14	Acetamiprid	0.07	0.015	1.0E-05	3.4E-06	0.01	0.01
15	Chlorfenapyr	0.03	0.110	7.3E-05	2.5E-05	0.24	0.08
16	Dimethomorph	0.2	0.077	5.1E-05	1.7E-05	0.03	0.01
17	Difenoconazole	0.01	0.211	1.4E-04	4.8E-05	1.41	0.48
18	Imidacloprid	0.06	0.014	9.6E-06	3.2E-06	0.02	0.01
19	Cyhalothrin	0.02	0.956	6.4E-04	2.2E-04	3.19	1.08
20	Cyromazine	0.06	0.056	3.8E-05	1.3E-05	0.06	0.02
21	Carbendazim	0.03	1.481	9.9E-04	3.4E-04	3.29	1.12
22	Metalaxyl	0.08	0.035	2.3E-05	7.8E-06	0.03	0.01
23	Pyrimethanil	0.2	0.053	3.5E-05	1.2E-05	0.02	0.01
24	Procymidone	0.1	0.040	2.7E-05	9.1E-06	0.03	0.01
25	Propamocarb	0.4	2.396	1.6E-03	5.4E-04	0.40	0.14
26	Cypermethrin	0.02	0.021	1.4E-05	4.8E-06	0.07	0.02
27	Thiamethoxam	0.08	0.024	1.6E-05	5.4E-06	0.02	0.01
28	Pyraclostrobine	0.03	0.105	7.0E-05	2.4E-05	0.23	0.08

Table 3. Acute dietary exposure assessment of pesticide residues in Chinese onions.

NO.	Pesticide	ARfD (mg/kg·bw)	HR (mg/kg)	IESTI (mg/kg·bw)		%ARfD
				Children	Adults	Children	Adults
1	Cyfluthrin	0.04	1.169	2.6E-02	1.2E-02	64.38	30.29
2	Profenofos	1	0.036	7.9E-04	3.7E-04	0.08	0.04
3	Emamectin Benzoate	0.03	0.073	1.6E-03	7.6E-04	5.36	2.52
4	Triazophos	0.001	0.012	2.6E-04	1.2E-04	26.44	12.44
5	Deltamethrin	0.05	0.044	9.7E-04	4.6E-04	1.94	0.91
6	Chlopyrifos	0.1	0.351	7.7E-03	3.6E-03	7.73	3.64
7	Prochloraz	0.1	0.029	6.4E-04	3.0E-04	0.64	0.30
8	Carbofuran	0.001	0.049	1.1E-03	5.1E-04	107.94	50.78
9	Bifenthrin	0.01	0.024	5.3E-04	2.5E-04	5.29	2.49
10	Acetamiprid	0.1	0.02	4.4E-04	2.1E-04	0.44	0.21
11	Dimethomorph	0.6	0.089	2.0E-03	9.2E-04	0.33	0.15
12	Difenoconazole	0.3	0.36	7.9E-03	3.7E-03	2.64	1.24
13	Imidacloprid	0.4	0.019	4.2E-04	2.0E-04	0.10	0.05
14	Cyhalothrin	0.02	2.705	6.0E-02	2.8E-02	297.95	140.17
15	Cyromazine	0.1	0.074	1.6E-03	7.7E-04	1.63	0.77
16	Carbendazim	0.5	3.6	7.9E-02	3.7E-02	15.86	7.46
17	Metalaxyl	0.1	0.071	1.6E-03	7.4E-04	1.56	0.74
18	Procymidone	0.1	0.05	1.1E-03	5.2E-04	1.10	0.52
19	Propamocarb	2	3.1	6.8E-02	3.2E-02	3.41	1.61
20	Cypermethrin	0.04	0.026	5.7E-04	2.7E-04	1.43	0.67
21	Thiamethoxam	1	0.028	6.2E-04	2.9E-04	0.06	0.03
22	Pyraclostrobine	0.05	0.278	6.1E-03	2.9E-03	12.25	5.76