Effect of high DHA and ARA fortification on non-enzymatic browning of infant formula powder

Figures & data

Figure 1. Caking of infant formula powders.

IF1, infant formula (for infants aged 0-6 months); IF2, follow-up infant formula (for infants aged 6-12 months); IF3, young children formula (for young children aged 12 to 36 months).

Figure 2. The water content (a) and water activity (b) of IFs storage.

One-way ANOVA test showed that only the IF3-H water content of the six groups of products had significant differences, with different letters indicating significant differences (p ≤ .05) in the figure for 0,2,4,6 months; Paired T-test showed that only the water activity of IF1-L and IF1-H in the six groups of products had a significant difference (p ≤ .05) at the sixth month, as indicated by * in the figure.

Table 1. Amino acid contents of infant formula (0–6-month old) stored at different storage time (mg/100 g).

items	groups
	IF1-L-0	IF1-L-2	IF1-L-4	IF1-L-6	IF1-H-0	IF1-H-2	IF1-H-4	IF1-H-6
Asp	1371 ± 14	1340 ± 36	1349 ± 62	1360 ± 34	1294 ± 7	1300 ± 16	1287 ± 32	1285 ± 15
Thr	807 ± 6	790 ± 22	795 ± 36	801 ± 22	769 ± 4	770 ± 11	764 ± 20	761 ± 11
Ser	712 ± 7	697 ± 19	702 ± 31	708 ± 16	679 ± 6	681 ± 8	674 ± 13	672 ± 6
Glu	2590 ± 37	2534 ± 63	2556 ± 119	2566 ± 66	2458 ± 27	2468 ± 22	2427 ± 66	2431 ± 41
Gly	270 ± 1	264 ± 7	266 ± 12	266 ± 8	258 ± 1	258 ± 5	257 ± 6	256 ± 3
Ala	514 ± 5	503 ± 14	505 ± 24	509 ± 13	491 ± 2	491 ± 9	486 ± 13	485 ± 9
Val	811 ± 8	795 ± 19	795 ± 34	802 ± 23	770 ± 3	771 ± 12	764 ± 24	762 ± 15
Ile	815 ± 5	800 ± 20	800 ± 35	807 ± 24	773 ± 4	773 ± 14	765 ± 27	764 ± 14
Leu	1333 ± 6	1306 ± 34	1308 ± 57	1322 ± 35	1269 ± 9	1268 ± 23	1256 ± 45	1253 ± 25
Tyr	473 ± 7	451 ± 14	459 ± 23	456 ± 26	430 ± 8	446 ± 6	443 ± 3	443 ± 5
Phe	530 ± 4	520 ± 13	519 ± 21	525 ± 13	505 ± 5	505 ± 10	500 ± 21	500 ± 12
Lys	1197 ± 9	1164 ± 29	1160 ± 53	1164 ± 33	1136 ± 5	1126 ± 17	1110 ± 35	1100 ± 20
His	311 ± 2	304 ± 8	304 ± 13	306 ± 8	297 ± 2	295 ± 5	294 ± 11	293 ± 6
Arg	352 ± 5	343 ± 9	344 ± 17	345 ± 13	329 ± 0	333 ± 2	328 ± 7	328 ± 2
Pro	1008 ± 12	987 ± 26	989 ± 44	996 ± 24	952 ± 7	955 ± 15	944 ± 32	941 ± 18
Cys	256 ± 2	254 ± 0	260 ± 2	260 ± 3	257 ± 2	256 ± 4	249 ± 0	255 ± 7
Met	275 ± 4	283 ± 1	286 ± 6	280 ± 4	286 ± 1	285 ± 2	280 ± 2	289 ± 8
Trp	195 ± 2	197 ± 1	192 ± 0	193 ± 13	198 ± 1	194 ± 5	193 ± 1	201 ± 3
Sum	13819 ± 121	13530 ± 330	13589 ± 586	13668 ± 375	13152 ± 76	13176 ± 184	13022 ± 355	13021 ± 178

One-way ANOVA test showed that there was no significant difference in the 6-month storage period of each formula (p > .05).

Table 2. Amino acid contents of older infant formula (6–12- month old) stored at different storage time (mg/100 g).

items	groups
	IF2-L-0	IF2-L-2	IF2-L-4	IF2-L-6	IF2-H-0	IF2-H-2	IF2-H-4	IF2-H-6
Asp	1221 ± 11	1231 ± 9	1254 ± 35	1223 ± 12	1235 ± 6	1224 ± 52	1225 ± 29	1246 ± 61
Thr	720 ± 5	723 ± 6	739 ± 22	720 ± 6	725 ± 3	719 ± 30	718 ± 17	732 ± 36
Ser	701 ± 5	706 ± 3	721 ± 21	702 ± 5	710 ± 2	703 ± 32	703 ± 16	716 ± 36
Glu	2618 ± 31	2641 ± 19	2699 ± 79	2625 ± 16	2659 ± 9	2632 ± 119	2631 ± 66	2683 ± 135
Gly	258 ± 3	259 ± 3	266 ± 8	259 ± 3	265 ± 5	261 ± 16	257 ± 5	262 ± 12
Ala	491 ± 4	494 ± 5	505 ± 16	492 ± 5	499 ± 2	493 ± 24	492 ± 11	501 ± 25
Val	806 ± 7	807 ± 11	827 ± 26	806 ± 6	813 ± 3	808 ± 33	807 ± 19	820 ± 38
Ile	751 ± 6	752 ± 13	773 ± 24	751 ± 3	762 ± 4	757 ± 31	756 ± 17	768 ± 36
Leu	1296 ± 8	1298 ± 19	1331 ± 43	1294 ± 6	1324 ± 6	1314 ± 54	1313 ± 29	1334 ± 64
Tyr	499 ± 4	505 ± 3	511 ± 4	502 ± 5	571 ± 6	566 ± 21	567 ± 14	579 ± 30
Phe	547 ± 5	547 ± 7	563 ± 19	548 ± 1	566 ± 3	562 ± 23	561 ± 12	570 ± 27
Lys	1135 ± 9	1131 ± 10	1149 ± 35	1114 ± 9	1139 ± 6	1121 ± 45	1113 ± 27	1127 ± 54
His	314 ± 4	315 ± 3	324 ± 10	315 ± 1	316 ± 1	313 ± 13	313 ± 7	319 ± 15
Arg	380 ± 3	383 ± 2	390 ± 9	380 ± 4	396 ± 1	390 ± 19	389 ± 9	396 ± 18
Pro	1072 ± 11	1081 ± 13	1106 ± 27	1076 ± 4	1090 ± 3	1084 ± 47	1085 ± 25	1103 ± 53
Cys	194 ± 1	198 ± 3	193 ± 5	200 ± 4	210 ± 1	211 ± 0	209 ± 2	210 ± 1
Met	301 ± 7	305 ± 2	302 ± 9	309 ± 5	308 ± 0	311 ± 4	305 ± 2	309 ± 2
Trp	188 ± 7	189 ± 5	183 ± 6	184 ± 9	191 ± 3	185 ± 7	191 ± 2	192 ± 3
Sum	13492 ± 116	13567 ± 127	13834 ± 358	13499 ± 86	13778 ± 44	13655 ± 571	13636 ± 311	13867 ± 640

One-way ANOVA test showed that there was no significant difference in the 6-month storage period of each formula (p > .05).

Table 3. Amino acid contents of young children formula (12–24- month old) stored at different storage time (mg/100 g).

items	groups
	IF2-L-0	IF2-L-2	IF2-L-4	IF2-L-6	IF2-H-0	IF2-H-2	IF2-H-4	IF2-H-6
Asp	1363 ± 11	1370 ± 17	1365 ± 16	1371 ± 40	1338 ± 66	1348 ± 40	1359 ± 15	1386 ± 19
Thr	799 ± 8	802 ± 11	800 ± 10	804 ± 25	784 ± 39	788 ± 22	795 ± 9	813 ± 12
Ser	803 ± 4	808 ± 11	805 ± 11	808 ± 22	789 ± 41	795 ± 24	800 ± 10	818 ± 10
Glu	3023 ± 3	3042 ± 42	3033 ± 41	3044 ± 81	2972 ± 162	2990 ± 85	3004 ± 37	3073 ± 24
Gly	295 ± 3	296 ± 5	295 ± 5	296 ± 9	296 ± 13	299 ± 9	301 ± 6	307 ± 6
Ala	555 ± 4	558 ± 8	556 ± 8	558 ± 17	548 ± 27	552 ± 18	558 ± 8	569 ± 9
Val	927 ± 11	929 ± 12	927 ± 14	932 ± 29	907 ± 44	914 ± 25	922 ± 7	941 ± 10
Ile	852 ± 9	853 ± 11	851 ± 12	856 ± 26	837 ± 39	842 ± 24	848 ± 7	865 ± 9
Leu	1491 ± 16	1495 ± 20	1491 ± 21	1498 ± 46	1479 ± 68	1488 ± 44	1499 ± 16	1531 ± 19
Tyr	591 ± 13	594 ± 2	590 ± 4	592 ± 12	664 ± 22	658 ± 13	665 ± 5	682 ± 9
Phe	642 ± 7	644 ± 7	642 ± 9	645 ± 20	661 ± 5	648 ± 17	652 ± 7	666 ± 8
Lys	1296 ± 11	1289 ± 17	1281 ± 18	1274 ± 41	1264 ± 56	1260 ± 36	1242 ± 13	1255 ± 7
His	369 ± 3	369 ± 4	370 ± 6	370 ± 12	361 ± 14	362 ± 9	364 ± 4	371 ± 4
Arg	447 ± 16	449 ± 2	447 ± 3	448 ± 12	452 ± 21	455 ± 12	458 ± 6	469 ± 8
Pro	1264 ± 9	1268 ± 18	1263 ± 12	1267 ± 36	1244 ± 59	1255 ± 35	1263 ± 16	1292 ± 18
Cys	204 ± 3	202 ± 9	205 ± 2	203 ± 4	227 ± 6	224 ± 2	227 ± 8	220 ± 3
Met	342 ± 1	338 ± 10	343 ± 6	341 ± 8	359 ± 5	359 ± 4	356 ± 1	350 ± 2
Trp	204 ± 0	199 ± 6	196 ± 3	195 ± 7	212 ± 3	214 ± 1	214 ± 2	210 ± 1
Sum	15468 ± 110	15506 ± 158	15462 ± 183	15503 ± 432	15394 ± 668	15450 ± 418	15527 ± 156	15823 ± 177

One-way ANOVA test showed that there was no significant difference in the 6-month storage period of each formula (p > .05).

Table 4. HMF contents of IFs stored at different storage time (μg/100 g).

items	groups	Storage time
		0 mon	2 mon	4 mon	6 mon
HMF	IF1-L	690.8 ± 54.2^b	778.2 ± 26.0^b	914.7 ± 23.9^a	948.4 ± 54.2^a
	IF1-H	591.2 ± 112.8^c	772.1 ± 34.7^bc	914.7 ± 10.8^ab	959.1 ± 56.4^a
	IF2-L	678.6 ± 19.5^c	1095.6 ± 49.9^b	1110.9 ± 15.2^b	1370.1 ± 56.4^a*
	IF2-H	615.7 ± 34.7^c	922.3 ± 8.7^b	959.1 ± 34.7^b	1057.3 ± 47.7^a
	IF3-L	574.6 ± 26.0^b	645.2 ± 15.2^b	790.8 ± 43.4^a	787.0 ± 22.8^a
	IF3-H	542.1 ± 4.3^a	667.8 ± 95.4^a	736.8 ± 106.3^a	736.8 ± 62.9^a

One-way ANOVA test, different letters on the same line indicate significant differences (p ≤ .05); Paired T-test showed that only the HMF of IF2-L and IF2-H had a significant difference (p ≤ .05) at the sixth month, as indicated by * in the table.

Figure 3. The colour difference (ΔE) of IFs storage.

Table 5. The color changes of IFs stored at different storage time.

items	groups	Storage time
		0 mon	2 mon	4 mon	6 mon
L*	IF1-L	91.63 ± 0.04^a	91.49 ± 0.06^b	91.23 ± 0.04^c	91.27 ± 0.02^c
	IF1-H	91.23 ± 0.11^a	91.22 ± 0.07^a	91.09 ± 0.04^a	91.13 ± 0.01^a
	IF2-L	91.39 ± 0.07^a	91.21 ± 0.04^b	91.05 ± 0.08^c	91.07 ± 0.09^c
	IF2-H	90.60 ± 0.05^a	90.57 ± 0.06^a	90.60 ± 0.06^a	90.49 ± 0.13^a
	IF3-L	91.39 ± 0.04^a	91.12 ± 0.06^b	91.05 ± 0.10^b	91.00 ± 0.03^b
	IF3-H	90.83 ± 0.02^ab	90.84 ± 0.05^a	90.68 ± 0.04^c	90.73 ± 0.09^bc
a*	IF1-L	−1.71 ± 0.02^a	−1.65 ± 0.02^b	−1.53 ± 0.01^c	−1.45 ± 0.01^d
	IF1-H	−1.71 ± 0.02^a	−1.55 ± 0.02^b	−1.47 ± 0.01^c	−1.39 ± 0.02^d
	IF2-L	−1.45 ± 0.02^a	−1.38 ± 0.02^b	−1.24 ± 0.02^c	−1.21 ± 0.03^c
	IF2-H	−1.50 ± 0.01^a	−1.46 ± 0.04^a	−1.24 ± 0.01^b	−1.19 ± 0.02^c
	IF3-L	−1.70 ± 0.01^a	−1.67 ± 0.02^a	−1.47 ± 0.02^b	−1.44 ± 0.05^b
	IF3-H	−1.66 ± 0.01^a	−1.56 ± 0.04^b	−1.31 ± 0.01^c	−1.23 ± 0.02^d
b*	IF1-L	19.65 ± 0.09^c	19.00 ± 0.12^b	19.33 ± 0.12^a	19.22 ± 0.03^a
	IF1-H	20.05 ± 0.21^a	20.08 ± 0.11^a	20.08 ± 0.14^a	19.98 ± 0.06^a
	IF2-L	18.83 ± 0.17^c	19.15 ± 0.10^ab	19.42 ± 0.20^a	19.13 ± 0.09^b
	IF2-H	20.19 ± 0.13^a	20.38 ± 0.22^a	19.71 ± 0.16^b	20.16 ± 0.37^a
	IF3-L	19.61 ± 0.10^b	20.29 ± 0.23^a	20.02 ± 0.21^a	20.33 ± 0.15^a
	IF3-H	20.26 ± 0.11^a	20.26 ± 0.23^a	20.12 ± 0.15^a	19.84 ± 0.18^a

One-way ANOVA test, different letters on the same line indicate significant differences (p ≤ .05).