Antidepressant effect of Gentiana olivieri Griseb. in male rats exposed to chronic mild stress

Figures & data

Table 1. Qualitative analysis of ethanol extract of G. olivieri.

Qualitative Analyses Performed	Results
General alkaloid assay	Alkaloid was not detected with Dragendorff’s reactive.
Flavone-derivative glycosides assay	Presence of flavone-derivative glycosides were determined by the blue-black, dark yellow and yellow-orange colors that developed with addition of FeCl3 5%, NaOH 10% and alkaline Pb(C2H3O2)2.
Flavonoid assay	Flavonoids in the flavone structure were detected with the orange color that developed with cyanidin reaction.
Anthocyanin-derivative glycosides assay	Green color formation with Pb(C2H3O2)2 addition was not observed and anthocyanin-derivative glycosides were not detected.
Tannin assay	Presence of tannin was detected with addition of FeCl3 5%.
Coumarin assay	Coumarins were detected with green-blue fluorescence at UV366.
Reducing sugars assay	Reducing sugars were detected with red deposit that developed upon heating after addition of Fehling-A and Fehling-B solutions.

Figure 1. Change in the consumed amount of sucrose solution in time following chronic administration of GOEE and imipramine in the chronic mild stress model

C: Control unstressed group, S: Negative control stressed group, IM: Imipramine group, G1000: 1000 mg/kg G. olivieri group, G500: 500 mg/kg G. olivieri group, G200: 200 mg/kg G. olivieri group. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, all treated groups are significantly different from control unstressed group; ^#p < 0.05, ^##p < 0.01, ^###p < 0.001, all treated groups are significantly different from negative control stressed group.

Figure 2. Liver index changes following chronic administration of GOEE and imipramine for 3 weeks in the chronic mild stress model

C: Control unstressed group, S: Negative control stressed group, IM: Imipramine group, G1000: 1000 mg/kg G. olivieri group, G500: 500 mg/kg G. olivieri group, G200: 200 mg/kg G. olivieri group. ***p < 0.001, all treated groups are significantly different from control unstressed group; ^##p < 0.01, ^###p < 0.001, all treated groups are significantly different from negative control stressed group.

Figure 3. Monoamine levels in the hippocampus following chronic administration of GOEE and imipramine for 3 weeks

C: Control unstressed group, S: Negative control stressed group, IM: Imipramine group, G1000: 1000 mg/kg G. olivieri group, G500: 500 mg/kg G. olivieri group, G200: 200 mg/kg G. olivieri group. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, all treated groups are significantly different from control unstressed group; ^##p < 0.01, ^###p < 0.001, all treated groups are significantly different from negative control stressed group.

Figure 4. Serum corticosterone levels following chronic administration of GOEE and imipramine for 3 weeks

C: Control unstressed group, S: Negative control stressed group, IM: Imipramine group, G1000: 1000 mg/kg G. olivieri group, G500: 500 mg/kg G. olivieri group, G200: 200 mg/kg G. olivieri group. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, all treated groups are significantly different from control unstressed group; ^#p < 0.05, ^##p < 0.01, all treated groups are significantly different from negative control stressed group.

Figure 5. Serum levels of proinflammatory cytokines (a: TNF-α, b: IL-6) following chronic administration of GOEE and imipramine for 3 weeks

C: Control unstressed group, S: Negative control stressed group, IM: Imipramine group, G1000: 1000 mg/kg G. olivieri group, G500: 500 mg/kg G. olivieri group, G200: 200 mg/kg G. olivieri group. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, all treated groups are significantly different from control unstressed group; ^#p < 0.05, ^###p < 0.001, all treated groups are significantly different from negative control stressed group.

Figure 6. TBARS (a), GSH, and SOD (b) levels in the hippocampus following chronic administration of GOEE and imipramine for 3 weeks

C: Control unstressed group, S: Negative control stressed group, IM: Imipramine group, G1000: 1000 mg/kg G. olivieri group, G500: 500 mg/kg G. olivieri group, G200: 200 mg/kg G. olivieri group. *p < 0.05, ***p < 0.001, all treated groups are significantly different from control unstressed group; ^#p < 0.05, ^##p < 0.01, ^###p < 0.001, all treated groups are significantly different from negative control stressed group. GSH levels presented as: nmol/mg protein, SOD levels presented as: μg/g protein.