The mediating role of the metacognition, time perspectives and experiential avoidance on the relationship between childhood trauma and post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms

Figures & data

Figure 1. Proposed model.

CT: Childhood Trauma; MC: Metacognition; Positive B: Positive Beliefs about worry; Negative B: Negative Beliefs about the uncontrollability worry and danger; Cognitive C: Cognitive Confidence; Cognitive S: Cognitive Self-Consciousness; TP: Time Perspectives; B: Intrusions; C: Avoidance; D: Negative alterations in cognition and mood; E: Alterations in arousal

Table 1. Descriptive statistics and correlation among model variables.

Variables	1	2	3	4	5	Mean	Standard deviation
1. PTSD symptoms	1					44.25	18.20
2. metacognitions	0.54**	1				74.35	20.40
3. experiential avoidance	0.58**	.052**	1			41.59	16.31
4. time perspectives	0.52**	0.49**	0.55**	1		129.99	30.1
5. childhood trauma	0.56**	0.63**	0.49**	0.51**	1	64.10	22.53

**p< 0.01; N= 419.

Table 2. The factor loads and significant level of markers.

Latent variables	Indicators	Factor loads	Latent variables	Indicators	Factor loads
PTSD symptoms	Intrusions	0.78**	Experiential avoidance	Item parcel 1	0.95**
	Avoidance	0.74**		Item parcel 2	0.93**
	Negative alterations in cognition and mood	0.84**	Time perspectives	T. subscale1	0.79**
				T. subscale2	0.84**
				T. subscale3	0.72**
	Alterations in arousal	0.68**	Childhood trauma	C. subscale1	0.93**
Metacognitions	M.subscale1	0.87**		C. subscale2	0.91**
	M.subscale2	0.98**
	M.subscale3	0.96**

M.subscale1: positive and negative beliefs about worry and uncontrollability and danger of worry; M.subscale2: cognitive uncertainty and cognitive self-consciousness; M.subscale3: beliefs about the need to control thoughts; T. subscale1: Positive and negative past perspective; T. subscale2: Fatalistic and hedonistic present perspective; T. subscale3: Future perspective; C. subscale1: Physical, sexual and emotional abuse; C. subscale2: Physical and emotional neglect.

Table 3. The indirect effects of all paths through bootstrapping for the modified model.

Paths	Unstandardized coefficients	Standardized coefficients	p value	Bootstrap 95% CI
				Lower bound	Upper bound
CT→MC and TP→EA	0.29	0.49	0.023	0.24	0.33
CT →MC, TP and EA→ PTSD	0.13	0.36	0.008	0.10	0.17
TP→EA→PTSD	0.12	0.15	0.008	0.07	0.24
MC→EA→PTSD	0.09	0.09	0.014	0.05	0.18

CT: childhood trauma; MC: metacognitions; TP: time perspective; EA: experimental avoidance.

Figure 2. The modified model for PTSD symptoms.

M.subscale1: positive and negative beliefs about worry and uncontrollability and danger of worry; M.subscale2: cognitive uncertainty and cognitive self-consciousness; M.subscale3: beliefs about the need to control thoughts; T. subscale1: Positive and negative past perspective; T. subscale2: Fatalistic and hedonistic present perspective; T. subscale3: Future perspective; C. subscale1: Physical, sexual and emotional abuse; C. subscale2: Physical and emotional neglect.