Looking for peace in the Swedish National Curricula

Figures & data

Figure 3. Number of formulations coded as sub-categories of NVC.

Figure 4. Number of formulations coded as sub-categories of PP.

Figure 5. Distribution of coding references for sub-categories of wellbeing.

Figure 1. Conceptual framework of the PECA project.

Table 1. Element descriptions in the PECA project.

Element one: recognizing violence (ROV)	This study defines violence as a deliberate, harmful and unnecessary human acts or mindsets. Violence is conceptualized in this study to include violence that is part of a worldview (cultural), violence that is a social process (structural) and violence that is an incident (direct).
Element two: nonviolent conflict transformation (NVC)	Tools to transform conflict without violence can include dialogue, mediation, negotiation, collaboration, etc. and the PECA Project codes for NVC even when the tool is not being used to transform conflict.
Element three: positive peace (PP)	Peace Zone: schools as violence-free spaces Peace Bond: positive human relationships characterized by kindness and empathy Social Justice: fairness, equality and/or human rights Eco Mind: harmonious living between humanity and nature Link Mind: perception of interconnectivity and/or interdependency Gender Mind: awareness of gender as an important facet of understanding Resilience: ability to manage crises: personal, social or environmental Wellbeing: health, wellness and/or taking responsibility for self or other Prevention: stopping violence before it starts

Table 2. Average point scores and letter grades of all curricula in PECA.

Country	Australia	England	Israel	Mexico	New Zealand	Northern Ireland	Kingdom of Saudi Arabia	Scotland	Sri Lanka	Sweden
ROV p. avg. (max. 38)	13	9	0	17	19	0	2	17	23	23
NVC p. avg. (max. 26)	4	4	2	6	7	4	4	6	6	3
PP p. avg. (max. 36)	8	5	3	15	7	6	4	7	6	8
Total p. avg. (max. 100)	25	17	4	38	31	9	10	30	32	34
Letter Grade (F-A+)	C	C-	E	C+	C+	E	D	C+	C+	C +

Note: PECA Report Cards do not value frequency of inferences but quantity of various content – large reference scores do not necessarily translate to a higher grade award. Point scores are average scores if the country has multiple curricula for compulsory education. Total scores are also averages based upon all compulsory curricula and may therefore not add up exactly from the averages of the three elements. See http://pecaproject.org/report_cards.html

Figure 2. Number of formulations (references) coded as elements of peace education and sub-categories.

Appendix 1. Distribution of peace references in chapters of the Swedish curriculum

	Fundamental values & tasks	Overall goals & guidelines	Art	Biology	Chemistry	Civics	Crafts	English	Geography	History	Home & Consumer Studies	Mathematics	Modern Languages	Mother tongue	Music	Physical ed. & health	Physics	Religion	Sign lang for hearing	Swedish	Swedish as second lang	Technology	Total
ROV	4	5	0	0	0	15	0	0	2	2	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	3	0	0	0	0	31
Cultural Violence	2	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	3
Direct Violence	0	2	0	0	0	8	0	0	2	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	14
Structural Violence	2	3	0	0	0	7	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	14
NVC	4	22	2	14	15	30	1	12	5	7	0	16	8	11	2	0	18	8	5	14	22	0	216
Collaboration	3	19	0	0	0	14	1	0	1	2	0	1	1	0	2	0	0	2	0	1	1	0	48
Conflict Resolution	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	2
Dialogue	1	3	2	14	15	15	0	12	4	5	0	15	7	11	0	0	18	5	5	13	21	0	166
PP	23	32	6	39	23	46	63	0	16	17	46	1	0	1	4	112	11	22	0	1	1	7	471
Eco Mind	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Gender Mind	6	3	0	5	2	11	0	0	3	12	2	1	0	0	1	1	3	5	0	0	0	6	61
Link Mind	0	4	5	0	0	1	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	11
Peace Bond	3	2	0	2	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	2	0	4	0	0	0	0	15
Peace Zone	2	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	2
Prevention	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	2
Resilience	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	9	0	0	0	0	0	0	10
Social Justice	4	4	1	2	0	29	0	0	3	4	6	0	0	0	0	4	0	8	0	0	1	0	66
Wellbeing	7	18	0	30	21	4	63	0	8	1	38	0	0	0	3	96	8	5	0	1	0	1	304
Total	31	59	8	53	38	91	64	12	23	26	46	17	8	12	6	112	29	33	5	15	23	7	718

Note: References to peace in the table of contents is not included in this table (three PP references and two references to NVC).