Life changes after the Camino de Santiago pilgrimage, including a deeper sense of spirituality

Figures & data

Table 1: LCI-R Scores (Δ = from -2 to +2) and SD.

Stimulating experience	Pilgrimage (n = 630)		UME* (n = 168)		cNDE* (n = 20)		HDE* (n = 20)
	Present study		Schneeberger (2010)		Goza. Holden, and Kinsey (2014)		Ohkado and Greyson (2018)
Scale	Δ	SD	Δ	SD	Δ	SD	Δ	SD
Total LCI-R	1.18		NA		1.07**	(±0.36)	1.13**	(±0.55)
Absolute sum for 7 clusters***	5.46		6.46		3.65		6.81
Concern with Worldly Achievement	-0.53	(±0.55)	-0.48	(±0.53)	-0.25	(±0.57)	-0.33	(±0.86)
Religiousness	0.28	(±0.67)	0.01	(±0.92)	0.40	(±1.20)	-0.48	(±0.98)
Concern with Social/Planetary Values	0.46	(±0.49)	NA		NA		0.38	(±0.68)
Spirituality	0.78	(±0.66)	1.16	(±0.70)	0.73	(±0.97)	1.14	(±0.83)
Quest for Meaning/ Sense of Purpose	0.86	(±0.60)	1.17	(±0.63)	0.57	(±0.91)	1.26	(±0.69)
Concern for Others	0.90	(±0.48)	1.22	(±0.53)	0.43	(±0.86)	1.15	(±0.70)
Self-Acceptance	0.97	(±0.59)	1.14	(±0.63)	0.50	(±0.79)	1.30	(±0.69)
Appreciation for Life	1.14	(±0.54)	1.28	(±0.38)	0.77	(±1.00)	1.15	(±0.76)
Appreciation of Death	NA		NA		NA		1.12	(±0.65)

*UME = unitive/mystical experience; cNDE = combat near-death experiences; HDE = hypnotically-induced death experiences.

**The total scores do not include the figures concerning ‘Concern with Social Values’ and ‘Appreciation of Death’ for comparison because they are not available for all compared studies.

***Sum of absolute changes in 7 clusters (Δ = from -2 to +2) with figures available for all compared studies (Concern with Worldly Achievement, Religiousness, Spirituality, Quest for Meaning/ Sense of Purpose, Concern for Others, Self-Acceptance, Appreciation for Life).

Table 2. Coefficients of correlations between the eight clusters (n = 630).

Cluster	Religiousness	Spirituality	Quest for Meaning/ Sense of Purpose	Appreciation for Life	Concern for Others	Self-acceptance	Concern with Worldly Achievement
Religiousness	1
Spirituality	0.547**	1
Quest for Meaning/ Sense of Purpose	0.279**	0.674**	1
Appreciation for Life	0.338**	0.676**	0.657**	1
Concern for Others	0.298**	0.558**	0.613**	0.672**	1
Self-acceptance	0.177**	0.457**	0.612**	0.480**	0.438**	1
Concern with Worldly Achievement	−0.078	−0.320**	−0.259**	−0.323**	−0.206**	−0.284**	1
Concern with Social/Planetary Values	0.154**	0.281**	0.411**	0.456**	0.392**	0.253**	−0.055

*p < 0.05; **p < 0.01, two-tailed.

Note: The strongest coefficients are underlined.

Table 3. Cronbach’s α reflecting reliability of LCI-R Scores.

	Present study	Schneeberger (2010)	Goza, Holden, and Kinsey (2014)	Ohkado and Greyson (2018)
Total LCI-R	0.899	0.879	0.956	0.927
Concern with Worldly Achievement	0.772	0.758	0.724	0.889
Religiousness	0.803	0.821	0.939	0.871
Concern with Social/Planetary Values	0.627	NA*	0.501	0.676
Spirituality	0.863	0.829	0.907	0.885
Quest for Meaning/ Sense of Purpose	0.800	0.720	0.805	0.725
Concern for Others	0.906	0.905	0.910	0.956
Self-Acceptance	0.703	0.703	0.776	0.728
Appreciation for Life	0.709	0.724	0.752	0.923
Appreciation of Death	−0.097	−0.261	0.019	0.176

*Cronbach’s alpha value is 0.755 after dropping two items from the cluster.

Schneeberger, Susan. 2010. “Unitive/Mystical Experiences and Life Changes.” PhD diss., University of Northern Colorado, Greeley.

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Goza, Tracy H., Janice M. Holden, and Lee Kinsey. 2014. “Combat Near-Death Experiences: An Exploratory Study.” Military Medicine 179 (10): 1113–1118. doi:https://doi.org/10.7205/MILMED-D-14-00051.

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Ohkado, Masayuki, and Bruce Greyson. 2018. “A Comparison of Hypnotically-Induced Death Experiences and Near-Death Experiences.” Journal of International Society of Life Information Science 36 (2): 73–77. doi:https://doi.org/10.18936/islis.36.2_73.

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Data availability statement

The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.