Movement of agricultural products in the Scandinavian Iron Age during the first millennium AD: ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr values of archaeological crops and animals in southern Sweden

Figures & data

Figure 1. Location of sampled archaeological sites on a soil map.

Table 1. Chronology of the Swedish Iron Age.

Cultural stage	PRIA	ERIA	LRIA	MP	VP	VIK
Chronology	500–0 BC	AD 0–200	AD 200–400	AD 400–550	AD 550–800	AD 800–1050
Archaeological sites
Main site
Regional center Uppåkra		√	√	√	√	√
Surrounding sites
Uppåkra 2:25		√	√
Stanstorp				√	√
Hjärup	√	√		√	√	√

Note: Investigated sites and cultural stage providing samples for strontium analysis are marked. PRIA = Pre-Roman Iron Age; ERIA = Early Roman Iron Age; LRIA = Late Roman Iron Age; MP = Migration Period; VP = Vendel Period; VIK = Viking Period.

Figure 2. Bedrock map of Scania with sample locations of baseline Sr isotope ratios.

Table 2. Number of samples of plant and faunal remains selected for strontium isotope analysis from each archaeological site.

	Archaeological site	Regional center Uppåkra	Uppåkra 2:25	Stanstorp	Hjärup
Plants	Taxa
	Hordeum vulgare	19	3	4	1
	Triticum aestivum	1
	Secale cereale	1
	Avena sativa	1
	Linum usitatissimum		1
	Camelina sativa		1
Fauna
	Bos taurus	17		5	9
	Sus domesticus	6		1	3
	Equus caballus			4

Table 3. ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr values of archaeological cereal grains and seeds of oil plants (residues and leachates) from Uppåkra and its surrounding sites and the ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr values of archaeological rodent tooth enamel and modern plant samples from different bedrock types in Scania.

No	Site	Region	Bedrock	Taxon	Specimen	^87Sr/^86Sr corr	Leachate
	Locations in Scania
1	Various sites (n = 8)	Southwest Scania	Limestone	Rodent	Enamel	0.71013–0.71142	·
2	Regional center Uppåkra (n = 2)	Southwest Scania	Limestone	Bread wheat	Grain/straw	0.71117–0.71123	·
3	Hammar	Northeast Scania	Limestone	Rodent	Enamel	0.71172	·
4	Ringsjöholm (n = 2)	Central Scania	Shale	Rodent	Enamel	0.71089–0.71128	·
5	Various sites (n = 2)	Central Scania	Granitic gneiss	Hazel/Pine	Shell/cone	0.71535–0.71726	·
	Main site
6	Regional center Uppåkra	Southwest Scania	Limestone	Hulled barley	Grain	0.71468	0.71185
7	Regional center Uppåkra	Southwest Scania	Limestone	Hulled barley	Grain	0.71701	·
8	Regional center Uppåkra	Southwest Scania	Limestone	Hulled barley	Grain	0.71583	0.71090
9	Regional center Uppåkra	Southwest Scania	Limestone	Hulled barley	Grain	0.71270	·
10	Regional center Uppåkra	Southwest Scania	Limestone	Hulled barley	Grain	0.71262	0.71118
11	Regional center Uppåkra	Southwest Scania	Limestone	Hulled barley	Grain	0.71709	·
12	Regional center Uppåkra	Southwest Scania	Limestone	Hulled barley	Grain	0.71300	0.71159
13	Regional center Uppåkra	Southwest Scania	Limestone	Hulled barley	Grain	0.71264	·
14	Regional center Uppåkra	Southwest Scania	Limestone	Hulled barley	Grain	0.71281	·
15	Regional center Uppåkra	Southwest Scania	Limestone	Hulled barley	Grain	0.71211	·
16	Regional center Uppåkra	Southwest Scania	Limestone	Bread wheat	Grain	0.71287	0.71163
17	Regional center Uppåkra	Southwest Scania	Limestone	Oat	Grain	0.71304	·
18	Regional center Uppåkra	Southwest Scania	Limestone	Hulled barley	Grain	0.71195	0.71111
19	Regional center Uppåkra	Southwest Scania	Limestone	Hulled barley	Grain	0.71263	·
20	Regional center Uppåkra	Southwest Scania	Limestone	Hulled barley	Grain	0.71281	0.71169
21	Regional center Uppåkra	Southwest Scania	Limestone	Hulled barley	Grain	0.71232	·
22	Regional center Uppåkra	Southwest Scania	Limestone	Hulled barley	Grain	0.71279	0.71155
23	Regional center Uppåkra	Southwest Scania	Limestone	Hulled barley	Grain	0.71432	·
24	Regional center Uppåkra	Southwest Scania	Limestone	Hulled barley	Grain	0.71433	0.71167
25	Regional center Uppåkra	Southwest Scania	Limestone	Rye	Grain	0.71420	·
26	Regional center Uppåkra	Southwest Scania	Limestone	Hulled barley	Grain	0.71344	0.71205
27	Regional center Uppåkra	Southwest Scania	Limestone	Hulled barley	Grain	0.71338	·
	Surrounding sites
28	Uppåkra 2:25	Southwest Scania	Limestone	Hulled barley	Grain	0.71909	0.71148
29	Uppåkra 2:25	Southwest Scania	Limestone	Hulled barley	Grain	0.71873	·
30	Uppåkra 2:25	Southwest Scania	Limestone	Hulled barley	Grain	0.72228	0.71130
31	Uppåkra 2:25	Southwest Scania	Limestone	Flax	Seed	0.71333	·
32	Uppåkra 2:25	Southwest Scania	Limestone	Gold of pleasure	Seed	0.71348	0.71045
33	Stanstorp	Southwest Scania	Limestone	Hulled barley	Grain	0.71430	·
34	Stanstorp	Southwest Scania	Limestone	Hulled barley	Grain	0.71481	0.71005
35	Stanstorp	Southwest Scania	Limestone	Hulled barley	Grain	0.71770	·
36	Stanstorp	Southwest Scania	Limestone	Hulled barley	Grain	0.723539	·
37	Hjärup	Southwest Scania	Limestone	Hulled barley	Grain	0.733452	0.71167

Note: Numbers in left column correspond to data in Figure 3.

Table 4. ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr values of archaeological faunal tooth enamel from Uppåkra and the nearby sites of Hjärup and Stanstorp and the ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr values of archaeological rodent tooth enamel and modern plant samples from various bedrock types in Scania.

No	Site	Region	Bedrock	Taxon	Specimen	^87Sr/^86Sr
	Locations in Scania
1	Various sites (n = 8)	Southwest Scania	Limestone	Rodent	Enamel	0.71013–0.71142
1	Regional center Uppåkra (n = 2)	Southwest Scania	Limestone	Bread wheat	Grain/straw	0.71118–0.71123
2	Ringsjöholm (n = 2)	Central Scania	Shale	Rodent	Enamel	0.71089–0.71128
3	Various sites (n = 2)	Central Scania	Granitic gneiss	Hazel/Pine	Shell/cone	0.71535–0.71726
4	Uppåkra/Stanstorp (n = 14)	Southwest Scania	Limestone	Leachate	Grain	0.71000–0.71205
	Main site				Tooth
5	Regional center Uppåkra	Southwest Scania	Limestone	Cattle	dp2-dp4-	0.71095
6	Regional center Uppåkra	Southwest Scania	Limestone	Cattle	M3-	0.71140
7	Regional center Uppåkra	Southwest Scania	Limestone	Cattle	M1M2-	0.71208
8	Regional center Uppåkra	Southwest Scania	Limestone	Pig	dp4-M1-	0.71179
9	Regional center Uppåkra	Southwest Scania	Limestone	Cattle	dp4-	0.71151
10	Regional center Uppåkra	Southwest Scania	Limestone	Cattle	M3-	0.70974
11	Regional center Uppåkra	Southwest Scania	Limestone	Cattle	M3-	0.71132
12	Regional center Uppåkra	Southwest Scania	Limestone	Cattle	M3-	0.71139
13	Regional center Uppåkra	Southwest Scania	Limestone	Cattle	M3-	0.71225
14	Regional center Uppåkra	Southwest Scania	Limestone	Cattle	M3-	0.71243
15	Regional center Uppåkra	Southwest Scania	Limestone	Pig	P3-M1-	0.71130
16	Regional center Uppåkra	Southwest Scania	Limestone	Pig	dp3-M1-	0.71135
17	Regional center Uppåkra	Southwest Scania	Limestone	Pig	M1-	0.71137
18	Regional center Uppåkra	Southwest Scania	Limestone	Pig	M1-M3-	0.71147
19	Regional center Uppåkra	Southwest Scania	Limestone	Pig	M1-	0.71184
20	Regional center Uppåkra	Southwest Scania	Limestone	Cattle	M2-	0.71144
21	Regional center Uppåkra	Southwest Scania	Limestone	Cattle	M2-	0.71161
22	Regional center Uppåkra	Southwest Scania	Limestone	Cattle	M2-	0.71218
23	Regional center Uppåkra	Southwest Scania	Limestone	Cattle	M2-	0.71332
24	Regional center Uppåkra	Southwest Scania	Limestone	Cattle	M2-	0.71336
25	Regional center Uppåkra	Southwest Scania	Limestone	Cattle	M3-	0.71179
26	Regional center Uppåkra	Southwest Scania	Limestone	Cattle	M3-	0.71162
27	Regional center Uppåkra	Southwest Scania	Limestone	Cattle	M3+	0.71234
	Surrounding sites
28	Hjärup	Southwest Scania	Limestone	Cattle	M3	0.71052
29	Hjärup	Southwest Scania	Limestone	Cattle	M2	0.71061
30	Hjärup	Southwest Scania	Limestone	Cattle	M2	0.71116
31	Hjärup	Southwest Scania	Limestone	Cattle	P3	0.71130
32	Hjärup	Southwest Scania	Limestone	Cattle	M2	0.71621
33	Hjärup	Southwest Scania	Limestone	Cattle	M2	0.72406
34	Hjärup	Southwest Scania	Limestone	Pig	P3	0.71052
35	Hjärup	Southwest Scania	Limestone	Cattle	P4	0.71231
36	Hjärup	Southwest Scania	Limestone	Pig	P3	0.71161
37	Hjärup	Southwest Scania	Limestone	Cattle	M2	0.70974
38	Hjärup	Southwest Scania	Limestone	Cattle	I1	0.71201
39	Hjärup	Southwest Scania	Limestone	Pig	P4	0.71170
40	Stanstorp	Southwest Scania	Limestone	Cattle	M2	0.71134
41	Stanstorp	Southwest Scania	Limestone	Cattle	M2	0.71091
42	Stanstorp	Southwest Scania	Limestone	Cattle	M1	0.71560
43	Stanstorp	Southwest Scania	Limestone	Horse	I1	0.71042
44	Stanstorp	Southwest Scania	Limestone	Pig	di1	0.71068
45	Stanstorp	Southwest Scania	Limestone	Cattle	M2	0.71083
46	Stanstorp	Southwest Scania	Limestone	Cattle	M2	0.71132
47	Stanstorp	Southwest Scania	Limestone	Horse	I3	0.71120
48	Stanstorp	Southwest Scania	Limestone	Horse	I3	0.71091
49	Stanstorp	Southwest Scania	Limestone	Horse	I2	0.71294

Note: Previous baseline data is based on data from Price (2013); Arcini (2018); Lindberg and Schmidt Sabo (2019); Söderberg (2018); Bolander and Söderberg (2019). Numbers in left column correspond to data in Figure 5.

Figure 3. ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr values of archaeological cereal grains (residues and leachates) from Uppåkra and its surrounding sites compared to the ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr values of archaeological rodent tooth enamel and modern plant samples from various bedrock types in Scania. Shading represents the range in ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr values of each group.

Figure 4. Normal probability plots (Q–Q plot), comparing the ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr values of: (A) archaeological cereal grain leachates; (B) archaeological cereal grain residues; (C) livestock (pig, cattle and horse) tooth enamel samples to their expected normal curves.

Figure 5. ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr values of archaeological faunal tooth enamel from Uppåkra and the nearby sites of Hjärup and Stanstorp, compared to the ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr values of archaeological rodent tooth enamel and modern plant samples from various bedrock types in Scania and archaeological cereal grain leachates from Uppåkra and surrounding sites. Shading represents the range in ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr values of each group defining a local baseline.

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