Adult binge drinking: rate, frequency and intensity in Buffalo City Metropolitan Municipality, South Africa

Figures & data

Table 1: Demographic characteristics of the participants by gender

Variables	Male (n = 321) n (%)	Female (n = 677)n (%)	Total (n = 998)n (%)
Age group (years):
18–25	40 (12.5)	143 (21.1)	183 (18.3)
26–35	74 (23.1)	149 (22.0)	223 (22.3)
36–45	67 (20.9)	116 (17.1)	183 (18.3)
46–55	57 (17.8)	110 (16.2)	167 (16.7)
56–65	41 (12.8)	99 (14.6)	140 (14.0)
≥ 66	42 (14.1)	60 (8.9)	102 (10.2)
Level of education:
No formal schooling	62 (19.3)	84 (12.4)	146 (14.6)
Grade 1–7	57 (17.8)	99 (14.6)	156 (15.6)
Grade 8–12	171 (53.3)	409 (60.4)	580 (58.1)
Tertiary	31 (9.7)	85 (12.6)	116 (11.6)
Monthly income (Rand)
No income	134 (41.7)	300 (44.3)	445 (44.6)
R150–2000	89 (27.7)	248 (36.6)	326 (32.7)
R2001–5000	74 (23.1)	100 (14.8)	174 (17.4)
R5001and above	24 (7.5)	29 (4.3	53 (5.3)
Marital status
Single	193 (60.3)	444 (65.6)	637 (63.9)
Married	115 (35.9)	185 (27.3)	300 (30.1)
Separated	1 (0.3)	5 (0.7)	6 (0.6)
Divorced	9 (2.8)	13 (1.9)	22 (2.2)
Widowed	2 (0.6)	30 (4.4)	32 (3.2)
Racial group:
Black	313 (97.5)	666 (98.4)	979 (98.1)
Coloured	8 (2.8)	9 (1.3)	17 (1.7)
White	0 (0.0)	2 (0.3)	2 (0.2)
Type of employment:
Government employee	30 (9.3)	33 (4.9)	63 (6.3)
Non-government employment	98 (30.5)	133 (19.7)	231 (23.2)
Self-employment	30 (9.3)	32 (4.7)	62 (6.2)
Students	19 (5.9)	80 (11.8)	99 (9.9)
Unemployed	115 (24.2)	361 (53.4)	476 (47.7)
Retired	29 (9.0)	37 (5.5)	66 (6.6)

Table 2: Association between socio-demographic characteristics and binge drinking

Variables	Binge drink	Do not binge drink	p-value
Gender:
Male	77 (24.0)	244 (76.0)	< 0.001
Female	73 (10.8)	604 (89.2)
Age (years):
18–25	45 (24.6)	138 (75.4)
26–35	45 (20.2)	178 (79.8)
36–45	24 (13.1)	159 (86.9)	< 0.001
46–55	25 (15.0)	142 (85.0)
56–65	8 (5.7)	132 (94.3)
≥ 66	3 (15.0)	99 (85.0)
Level of education:
No formal schooling	27 (18.5)	119 (81.5)
Grade 1 to 7	14 (9.0)	142 (91.0)
Grade 8 to 12	89 (15.3)	491 (84.7)	0.096
Tertiary	20 (17.2)	96 (82.8)
Marital status:
Never married	122 (19.2)	515 (80.8)	< 0.001
Married	28 (7.8)	332 (92.2)
Employment status:
Government employee	9 (14.3)	54 (85.7)
Non-government employee	47 (20.3)	184 (79.7)
Self-employed	9 (14.5)	53 (85.5)
Student	23 (23.2)	76 (76.8)	0.001
Unemployed	60 (12.6)	416 (87.4)
Retired	2 (3.0)	64 (97.0)
Income categories (Rand):
No income	73 (16.4)	372 (83.6)
150–2000	32 (9.8)	294 (90.2)
2001–5000	38 (21.8)	136 (78.2)	0.003
Above 5000	7 (13.2)	46 (86.8)
Body mass index categories:
Underweight	9 (25.0)	27 (75.0)
Normal	55 (20.3)	216 (79.7)
Overweight	44 (18.3)	196 (81.7)	<0.001
Obese	42 (9.3)	409 (90.7)
Current smoker:
Yes	66 (44.0)	84 (56.0)	< 0.001
No	84 (9.9)	764 (90.1)

OR = odds ratio; CI = confidence interval.

Table 3: Multivariate logistic regression showing predictors of binge drinking

Variables	Beta	Wald	Adjusted odds ratio (95% CI)	p-value
Age (years):
≤ 25	1.2	12.4	3.4 (1.7–6.8)	< 0.001
25 and above (reference)
Gender:
Male	0.8	7.5	2.3 (1.3–4.1)	0.006
Female (reference)
Smoking:
Yes	1.9	37.8	6.5 (3.5–11.9)	< 0.001
No (reference)
Income (Rand):
Less than 3000	0.4	2.2	1.5 (0.9–2.7)	0.136
3000 and above (reference)

Table 4: Distribution of mean frequency of binge drinking by socio-demographic variables using ANOVA

Variables	n	Mean	SD	p-value
Age (years):
18–25	45	4.8	4.5
26–35	45	5.6	4.9
36–45	24	6.8	2.5
46–55	25	4.6	4.0	0.393
56–65	8	6.2	2.9
Above 65	3	4.7	0.6
Sex:
Male	77	6.4	5.2	0.002
Female	73	4.3	2.4
Level of education:
No formal schooling	27	4.6	1.2
Grade 1–7	14	5.5	3.6
Grade 8–12	89	5.9	4.9	0.226
Tertiary	20	4.0	3.0
Marital status:
Never married	122	5.4	4.3	0.893
Ever married	27	5.5	4.0
Smoker:
Yes	66	5.9	4.7	0.154
No	84	4.9	3.7
Income categories (Rand):
No income	73	5.3	5.3
150–2000	32	4.9	2.7
2001–5000	38	5.5	3.0	0.658
Above 5000	7	7.1	2.6
Employment status:
Government	9	6.1	2.5
Non-government	47	5.7	2.7
Self-employed	9	7.8	9.7	0.427
Student	23	4.9	4.3
Unemployed	60	4.8	4.0
Retired	3	6.5	2.1

Table 5: Distribution of mean intensity of binge drinking across socio-demographic variables using ANOVA

Variable	n	Mean	SD	p-value
Age (years):
18–25	45	11.9	7.7
26–35	45	15.7	12.5
36–45	24	16.0	9.2	0.042
46–55	25	10.0	6.0
56–65	8	15.8	8.2
Above 65	3	4.7	0.6
Gender:
Male	77	13.8	8.8	0.653
Female	73	13.1	10.5
Level of education:
No formal schooling	27	11.5	10.0
Grade 1–7	14	11.6	5.4
Grade 8–12	89	14.2	10.3	0.539
Tertiary	20	13.6	8.2
Marital status:
Never Married	122	14.2	10.0	0.893
Ever married	27	9.9	7.1
Smoker:
Yes	66	13.9	10.8	0.037
No	84	13.0	8.6
Income categories (Rand):
No income	73	12.6	10.2
150–2000	32	12.7	10.0
2 001–5000	38	15.1	8.6	0.493
Above 5000	7	16.1	9.0
Employment status:
Government	9	13.4	8.1
Non-government	47	13.5	7.6
Self-employed	9	18.1	15.0	0.741
Student	23	14.0	8.5
Unemployed	60	12.5	10.8
Retired	3	13.0	9.9