Diversity, population genetics, and evolution of macrofungi associated with animals

Figures & data

Table 1. Investigation strategies of genetic structure of macrofungi in mutualistic relationships with animals.

References	Species of macrofungi	Associated animal	Sampling site	Sampling time	Identification method(s)	Sample types	Population (sample) size	Makers/methods	Main result(s)
Nobre et al. 2011b	Termitomyces sp.	Macrotermes bellicosus	Pendjari National Park	–	Morphology of termites	Fungus combs or gut	24	ITS, EF1a, RPB2	Rare events of recombination
		Macrotermes subhyalinus	Pendjari National Park				9	ITS, EF1a, RPB2	Free recombination
De Fine Licht et al. 2006		Macrotermes natalensis	South Africa	2003.01 and 2004.01–03	Morphology of termites	Fungus combs	31	ITS, RPB2, RPB1, EF1a	Free recombination
Unpublished data		–	Yunnan China	2010.08 and 2013.08	Morphology and ITS	Fruiting bodies	18 (229)	RPB2, TEF, 12S, LACC	Free recombination
Vasiliauskas et al. 1998	A. areolatum	Sirex juvencus	Lithuania, Sweden, Denmark and Great Britain	–	Morphology	Wood or fruit bodies or glands of woodwasps	53	M13 mini satellite and somatic compatibility	Dispersing clonally
	A. chailletii	Urocerus gigas					57		Spreading by basidiospores
Margrete Thomsen and Koch 1999	A. areolatum	Sirex juvencus	Denmark (more than 100 km)	1992–1995	Morphology	Basidiocarps, wood isolations, woodwasps	31	Somatic compatibility	High degree of somatic compatibility between isolates
	A. chailletii	Urocerus gigas					69		Rare Somatic compatibility between isolates
Liang et al. 2008	O. sinensis	Ghost moths	Qinghai, Tibet, Yunnan, and Sichuan province of China	–	Morphology	Fruiting bodies	18(180)	ISSR (9)	Little gene exchange, latitudinal genetic differentiation
Zhang et al. 2009	O. sinensis	Ghost moths	Tibet, Qinghai, Sichuan and Yunnan	During 2005 and 2008	Morphology	Fruiting bodies	11(56)	ITS, MAT1-2-1	Greater genetic diversification among southern isolates
			Province in China
Quan et al. 2014	O. sinensis	Ghost moths	Qinghai, Tibet, Sichuan, Gansu, Yunnan provinces	–	Morphology	Complex of O. sinensis stromata and host cadavers	33	ITS, β-tubulin	Similar phylogenetic relationships and genetic structure
	Hepialidae caterpillars	–						COI, COII, Cytb
Wang et al. 2008	C. militaris	–	Guangdong, Hebei, Liaoning, Jilin in China and Seoul in Korea	–	Morphology	Fruiting bodies and fresh mycelia	(13)	ITS, RAPD	Extremely small genetic variation
Wen et al. 2012	C. militaris	–	Sichuan province of China	–	Morphology	Fresh mediums	24	RAPD, MAT	Genetic variation of different monoconidial isolates
Rubini et al. 2005	T. magnatum	–	Italy, Croatia and Slovenia	–	Morphology	Ascomata	26 (316)	SSR	Positive correlation between genetic and geographical Distances
Bertault et al. 1998	T. melanosporum	–	France and Italy	–	Morphology	Ascocarps	12 (208)	RAPD	Low level of polymorphism
Murat et al. 2004	T. melanosporum	–	France, northern Italy and north-eastern Spain	1998.12–2003.02	Morphology	Fruit bodies	17 (188)	RAPD, ITS, SCAR	Significant genetic differentiation between regional populations
Riccioni et al. 2008	T. melanosporum	–	Italy, France, Spain	2000–2006	Morphology	Ascocarps, hyphal fragments	13 (210)	SSR, ITS, AFLP	Geographic differentiation among populations
García-Cunchillos et al. 2014	T. melanosporum	–	Iberian Peninsula	–	Morphology	Ascocarps	23 (190)	SSR	High levels of genetic diversity
Wang et al. 2006a	T. indicum complex	–	Huidong, Kunming Gongshan, Miyi, Panzhihua, Huili	2003, 2004 and 2005	Morphology and ITS	Ascocarps	6 (30)	ITS	Genetic differentiation among regional populations
							5 (26)	β-tubulin
Murat et al. 2013	T. melanosporum	–	Montemartano and Rollainville	2010–2011	Morphology and ITS	Soil, ascocarps and ectomycorrhizal roots	10	MAT, SSR	spatial genetic structure

Note: RAPD, random amplified polymorphic DNA.

Table 2. Common molecular markers and for representative macrofungi.

Species	Targets	Primer name	Primer sequence	References
Termitomyces sp.	mtSSU-rDNA	ssufw105	TCGCGTTAGCATCGTTACTAGT	Aanen et al. 2002
		ssurev475	GCCAGAGACGCGAACGTTAGTCG
	EF1a	EF595F	CGTGACTTCATCAAGAACATG	Nobre et al. 2011b
		EF1160R	CCGATCTTGTAGACGTCCTG
	RPB2	RPB2-tF	GCG(GA)CGGAAAGACGACATCAG
		RPB2-tR	TTGTGATCAGGGAATGGGAT
	RPB2	bRPB2-6F	TGGGGYATGGTNTGYCCYGC	De Fine Licht et al. 2006
		bRPB2-7	CCCATRGCYTGYTTMCCCATDGC
	RPB1	RPB1-AF	GARTGYCCDGGDCAYTTYGG
		Frpb1-CR	CCNGCDATNTCRTTRTCCATRTA
	EF1α	EF634F*	AGGCTGACTGCGCTATCCTTAT
		EF1127R*	GGTTCGATGGCATCGATGGCAT
A. areolatum	nuc-IGS-rDNA	P-1	TTGCAGACGACTTGAATGG	Nielsen et al. 2009
		5S-2B	CACCGCATCCCGTCTGATCTGCG
	RPB2	bRPB2-6F	TGGGGYATGGTNTGYCCYGC	Bergeron et al. 2011
		bRPB2-7.1R	CCCATRGCYTGYTTMCCCATDGC
	TEF1	tef1f	TCMAHGARATYATYAAGGAGAC
		tef1rc	DGGGTCGTTYTTSGAGTCA
	LAC-like	laccasef	CACTGGCACGGNTTCTTCCA
		laccaserc	GTGACTATGATACCAGAANGT
	MAP	MIPAro1F*	GTCCTTTCACTCTTCGGTAC	Van Der Nest et al. 2008
		MIPAro1R*	CAAATAACTGGCGCCATACC
	PAB1	RAB1-470F*	TCTTGGGCTGACTTTTCC
		RAB1-1800R*	GGCAGGTAGATCGAGGTTGA
	mat-B	br1-F	TGGCATMTNCARGCNTGGAAYTC
		br1-1R	GCGAGNRNCATNAGNCGNAKGTA
Septobasidiaceae fungi	TEF-1	SEF1a1fI	CTYGGIAAGGGITCNTTCAAG	Henk and Vilgalys 2007
		SEF1a1r2	CATICCGGCCTTGATNGTNCC
O. sinensis	rDNA	OsT-F*	GTCAAGAAGCAAGCAAAGGAATC	Zhong et al. 2014
		OsT-R*	TCAACTGGAGGGTGTGGTGG
	MAT1-2-1	Mat1-2F*	TGGAATGCGACTGACTACGA	Zhang et al. 2011**
		Mat1-2R*	CCAGGAGAGCTTGCTTGACT
	MAT1-1-1	MATF2	AAACGCCCTCTCAAYGCNTTYATG	Bushley et al. 2013**
		MATR3	CCACTTGCTTCTGAANGGRTCYTTRTTCCA
	DNA lyase	DNAF3	TTGATGGGATCCGAYCAYTGYCC
		DNAR2	GTGACCAGGCTGATRCANGGYTC
	MAT1-1-3	M3F1	CAGCAGCCGGTGAAGGTNTWYCAYGA
		M3R1	CTTCGTTGTGTACTTGTANYCNGGRTA
	β-Tubulin	T1	AACATGCGTGAGATTGTAAGT	Quan et al. 2014
		T22	TCTGGATGTTGTTGGGAATCC
	SSU rRNA	NS1	GTAGTCATATGCTTGTCTC	Zhong et al. 2010**
		NS4	CTTCCGTCAATTCCTTTAAG
C. militaris	MAT1-1-1	MAT1-F1	CGRGCWAARCGRCCATTKAAYGC	Yokoyama et al. 2006**
		MAT1- R1	TTKCCCATCTCRTCRCGGAYRAARGA
	MAT1- 2-1	MAT2 -F1	GCRTATA TTCT RT ACCGC AG
		MAT2-R1	CGAGGTT GATAYTGAT AYT G
T. indicum complex	β-Tubulin	Bt2a	GGTAACCAAATCGGTGCTGCTTTC	Wang et al. 2006a
		Bt2b	ACCCTCAGTGTAGTGACCCTTGGC
T. melanosporum	MAT1-1-1	P19*	CAATCTCACTCGTGATGTCTGGGTC	Rubini et al. 2011b**
		P20*	TCTCGGGCTGGAGGTGCGGGTCGAGT
	MAT1-2-1	P1*	CAGGTCCGTCATCTCCTTCCAGCAG
		P2*	CCACATGCGACCGAGAATCTTGGCTA
Tuber truffles	EF1α	Tuber_f*	AGCGTGAGCGTGGTATCAC	Bonito et al. 2013**
		Tuber_r*	GAGACGTTCTTG ACGTTGAAG
	RPB2	Tuber_f*	YAAYCTGACYTTRGCYGTYAA
		Tuber_r*	CRGTTTCCTGYTCAATCTCA
	PKC gene	pkc1f	CCCAAAGGTGGTCACGAAGTGTA	Wang et al. 2006b**
		pkc1r	TGATGAACTCCTTCTTCAGAACC
	β-Tubulin	Bt1a	TTCCCCCGTCTCCACTTCTTCATG
		Bt1b	GACGAGATCGTTCATGTTGAACTC

Note: *The special primers; **there are other primers for the target in the reference. The references of black body present available universal or special primers of ITS.

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