5,153
Views
5
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Reviews

Diversity, population genetics, and evolution of macrofungi associated with animals

, , , , , , , , , & show all
Pages 94-109 | Received 09 Mar 2015, Accepted 15 Apr 2015, Published online: 18 May 2015

References

  • Aanen DK, Eggleton P. 2005. Fungus-growing termites originated in African rain forest. Curr Biol. 15:851–855. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2005.03.043
  • Aanen DK, Eggleton P, Rouland-Lefevre C, Guldberg-Froslev T, Rosendahl S, Boomsma JJ. 2002. The evolution of fungus-growing termites and their mutualistic fungal symbionts. P Natl Acad Sci USA. 99:14887–14892. doi:10.1073/pnas.222313099
  • Ainsworth GC. 2008. Ainsworth & Bisby’s dictionary of the fungi. Abingdon: Cabi.
  • Barbieri E, Guidi C, Bertaux J, Frey‐Klett P, Garbaye J, Ceccaroli P, Saltarelli R, Zambonelli A, Stocchi V. 2007. Occurrence and diversity of bacterial communities in Tuber magnatum during truffle maturation. Environ Microbiol. 9:2234–2246. doi:10.1111/emi.2007.9.issue-9
  • Belfiori B, Riccioni C, Tempesta S, Pasqualetti M, Paolocci F, Rubini A. 2012. Comparison of ectomycorrhizal communities in natural and cultivated Tuber melanosporum truffle grounds. FEMS Microbiol Ecol. 81:547–561. doi:10.1111/j.1574-6941.2012.01379.x
  • Benson RB. 1943. Studies in Siricidae, especially of Europe and southern Asia (Hymenoptera, Symphyta). Bull Entomol Res. 34:27–51.
  • Bergeron M-J, Leal I, Foord B, Ross G, Davis C, Slippers B, De Groot P, Hamelin RC. 2011. Putative origin of clonal lineages of Amylostereum areolatum, the fungal symbiont associated with Sirex noctilio, retrieved from Pinus sylvestris, in eastern Canada. Fungal Biol. 115:750–758. doi:10.1016/j.funbio.2011.05.009
  • Berryman AA, editor. 1988. Dynamics of forest insect populations: patterns, causes, implications. Abingdon: Plenum Publishing Corporation.
  • Bertault G, Raymond M, Berthomieu A, Callot G, Fernandez D. 1998. Trifling variation in truffles. Nature. 394:734. doi:10.1038/29428
  • Boidin J. 1958. Heterobasidiomycetes saprophytes et Homobasidiomycetes resupines: V.-Essai sur le genre Stereum Pers. ex S.F. Gray Rev Mycol. 23:318–346.
  • Bonito G, Smith ME, Nowak M, Healy RA, Guevara G, Cázares E, Kinoshita A, Nouhra ER, Domínguez LS, Tedersoo L. 2013. Historical biogeography and diversification of truffles in the Tuberaceae and their newly identified southern hemisphere sister lineage. Plos One [Internet]. [cited 2014 October 29];1. Available from: http://www.plosone.org
  • Brodie HJ. 1931. The oidia of Coprinus lagopus and their relation with insects. Ann Bot-London. 2:315–344.
  • Burr B, Barthlott W, Westerkamp C. 1996. Staheliomyces (Phallales) visited by Trigona (Apidae): melittophily in spore dispersal of an Amazonian stinkhorn? J Trop Ecol. 12:441–445.
  • Chen PX, Wang S, Nie S, Marcone M. 2013. Properties of Cordyceps Sinensis: a review. J Funct Foods. 5:550–569. doi:10.1016/j.jff.2013.01.034
  • Chen SY. 1986. Knowledge of cordyceps fungus. Chin Bull Entomol. 12:133–133. Chinese.
  • Chen SZ, Guo L. 2012. Three new species and three new Chinese records of Septobasidium (Septobasidiaceae). Mycosystema. 31:651–655.
  • Cheng SZ. 2013. Studies on the genus Septobasidium (Septobasidiaceae) from China [ dissertation]. [China]: Ocean University.
  • Choi JN, Kim J, Lee MY, Park DK, Hong Y-S, Lee CH. 2010. Metabolomics revealed novel isoflavones and optimal cultivation time of Cordyceps militaris fermentation. J Agric Food Chem. 58:4258–4267. doi:10.1021/jf903822e
  • Chou C. 1991. Perspectives of disease threat in large-scale Pinus radiata monoculture-the New Zealand experience. Forest Pathology. 21:71–81. doi:10.1111/efp.1991.21.issue-2
  • Claridge AW, Cork SJ, Trappe JM. 2000. Diversity and habitat relationships of hypogeous fungi. I. Study design, sampling techniques and general survey results. Biodivers Conserv. 9:151–173. doi:10.1023/A:1008941906441
  • Couch JN. 1938. The genus Septobasidium. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
  • Couch JN. 1941. A new Uredinella from Ceylon. Mycologia. 33:405–410.
  • Danks MA. 2012. Gut-retention time in mycophagous mammals: a review and a study of truffle-like fungal spore retention in the swamp wallaby. Fungal Ecol. 5:200–210. doi:10.1016/j.funeco.2011.08.005
  • De Fine Licht HH, Boomsma JJ, Aanen DK. 2006. Presumptive horizontal symbiont transmission in the fungus-growing termite Macrotermes natalensis. Mol Ecol. 15:3131–3138. doi:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2006.03008.x
  • De Miguel AM, Águeda B, Sánchez S, Parladé J. 2014. Ectomycorrhizal fungus diversity and community structure with natural and cultivated truffle hosts: applying lessons learned to future truffle culture. Mycorrhiza. 24:5–18. doi:10.1007/s00572-013-0554-3
  • Duringer P, Schuster M, Genise JF, Likius A, Mackaye HT, Vignaud P, Brunet M. 2006. The first fossil fungus gardens of Isoptera: oldest evidence of symbiotic termite fungiculture (Miocene, Chad basin). Naturwissenschaften. 93:610–615. doi:10.1007/s00114-006-0149-3
  • Duringer P, Schuster M, Genise JF, Mackaye HT, Vignaud P, Brunet M. 2007. New termite trace fossils: galleries, nests and fungus combs from the Chad basin of Africa (upper Miocene–lower Pliocene). Palaeogeogr Palaeocl. 251:323–353. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2007.03.029
  • Erin Morris E, Hajek AE, Zieman E, Williams DW. 2014. Deladenus (Tylenchida: Neotylenchidae) reproduction on species and strains of the white rot fungus Amylostereum. Biol Control. 73:50–58. doi:10.1016/j.biocontrol.2014.03.002
  • Frank SA. 1996. Problems inferring the specificity of plant? Pathogen genetics. Evol Ecol. 10:323–325. doi:10.1007/BF01237689
  • García-Cunchillos I, Sánchez S, Barriuso JJ, Pérez-Collazos E. 2014. Population genetics of the westernmost distribution of the glaciations-surviving black truffle Tuber melanosporum. Mycorrhiza. 24:89–100. doi:10.1007/s00572-013-0540-9
  • Gaut IPC. 1970. Studies of siricids and their fungal symbionts [ dissertation]. [Australia]: University of Adelaide.
  • Glimn-Lacy J, Kaufman PB. 2006. Botany illustrated: introduction to plants, major groups, flowering plant families. Abingdon: Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Chapter 53, Puffballs, Stinkhorns, Bird’s-nest fungi; p. 53–53.
  • Goff LJ. 1982. Symbiosis and parasitism: another viewpoint. Bioscience. 32:255–256. doi:10.2307/1308531
  • Gómez LD, Kisimova-Horovitz L. 2001. A new species of Septobasidium from Costa Rica. Mycotaxon. 80:255–259.
  • Gómez-Pignataro LD, Henk DA. 2004. Validation of the species of Septobasidium Basidiomycetes described by John N. Couch Lankesteriana. 4:75–76.
  • Hajek AE, Nielsen C, Kepler RM, Long SJ, Castrillo L. 2013. Fidelity among Sirex woodwasps and their fungal symbionts. Microb Ecol. 65:753–762. doi:10.1007/s00248-013-0218-z
  • Hao JJ, Cheng Z, Liang HH, Yang XL, Li S, Zhou TS, Zhang WJ, Chen JK. 2009. Genetic differentiation and distributing pattern of Cordyceps sinensis in China revealed by rDNA ITS sequences. Chin Tradit Herb Drugs. 40:112–116.
  • Hawker LE. 1954. British hypogeous fungi. Phil Trans R Soc London Ser B. 237:429–546. doi:10.1098/rstb.1954.0002
  • Heim R. 1942. Nouvelles études descriptives sur les agarics termitophiles d’Afrique tropicale. Archives du Muséum Nationale d’ Histoire Naturelle Paris. 18:107–166.
  • Henk DA, Vilgalys R. 2007. Molecular phylogeny suggests a single origin of insect symbiosis in the Pucciniomycetes with support for some relationships within the genus Septobasidium. Am J Bot. 94:1515–1526. doi:10.3732/ajb.94.9.1515
  • Hosaka K, Bates ST, Beever RE, Castellano MA, Colgan W, Dominguez LS, Nouhra ER, Geml J, Giachini AJ, Kenney SR, et al. 2006. Molecular phylogenetics of the gomphoid-phalloid fungi with an establishment of the new subclass Phallomycetidae and two new orders. Mycologia. 98:949–959. doi:10.3852/mycologia.98.6.949
  • Hurley BP, Hatting H, Wingfield MJ, Klepzig K, Slippers B. 2012. The influence of Amylostereum areolatum diversity and competitive interactions on the fitness of the Sirex parasitic nematode Deladenus siricidicola. Biol Control. 61:207–214. doi:10.1016/j.biocontrol.2012.02.006
  • Johnson SD, Jürgens A. 2010. Convergent evolution of carrion and faecal scent mimicry in fly-pollinated angiosperm flowers and a stinkhorn fungus. S Afr J Bot. 76:796–807. doi:10.1016/j.sajb.2010.07.012
  • Kataržytė M, Kutorga E. 2011. Small mammal mycophagy in hemiboreal forest communities of Lithuania. Cent Eur J Biol. 6:446–456. doi:10.2478/s11535-011-0006-z
  • Kirk PM, Cannon PF, David JC, Stalpers JA. 2001. Ainsworth & Bisby’s dictionary of the fungi. 10th ed. Abingdon: Cabi.
  • Korb J, Aanen DK. 2003. The evolution of uniparental transmission of fungal symbionts in fungus-growing termites (Macrotermitinae). Behav Ecol Sociobiol. 53:65–71.
  • Kues U. 2000. Life history and developmental processes in the basidiomycete Coprinus cinereus. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev. 64:316–353. doi:10.1128/MMBR.64.2.316-353.2000
  • Leonardi M, Iotti M, Oddis M, Lalli G, Pacioni G, Leonardi P, Maccherini S, Perini C, Salerni E, Zambonelli A. 2013. Assessment of ectomycorrhizal fungal communities in the natural habitats of Tuber magnatum (Ascomycota, Pezizales). Mycorrhiza. 23:349–358. doi:10.1007/s00572-012-0474-7
  • Li C, Li Z, Fan M, Cheng W, Long Y, Ding T, Ming L. 2006. The composition of Hirsutella sinensis, anamorph of Cordyceps sinensis. J Food Compos Anal. 19:800–805. doi:10.1016/j.jfca.2006.04.007
  • Li Y, Wang XL, Jiao L, Jiang Y, Li H, Jiang SP, Lhosumtseiring N, Fu SZ, Dong CH, Zhan Y. 2011. A survey of the geographic distribution of Ophiocordyceps sinensis. J Microsc. 49:913–919.
  • Liang HH, Cheng Z, Yang XL, Li S, Ding ZQ, Zhou TS, Zhang WJ, Chen JK. 2008. Genetic diversity and structure of Cordyceps sinensis populations from extensive geographical regions in China as revealed by inter-simple sequence repeat markers. J Microsc. 46:549–556.
  • Linde C, Selmes H. 2012. Genetic diversity and mating type distribution of Tuber melanosporum and their significance to truffle cultivation in artificially planted truffieres in Australia. Appl Environ Microbiol. 78:6534–6539. doi:10.1128/AEM.01558-12
  • Liu L, Wang ZK, Yu HW, Chen SJ, Yan GF, Xia YX, Yin YP. 2008. Analysis of the bacterial diversity in intestines of Hepialus gonggaensis larvae. Acta Microbiol Sin. 48:616–622.
  • Ma T, Feng Y, Wu XP, Zhang YH, Ma Y, Wang ZL. 2007. Primary investigation of a host insect of Cordyceps militaris and analysis of its main ingredients. For Res-Chin Acad For. 20:63.
  • Magnago AC, Trierveiler-Pereira L, Neves MA. 2013. Phallales (Agaricomycetes, Fungi) from the tropical Atlantic Forest of Brazil. J Torrey Bot Soc. 140:236–244. doi:10.3159/TORREY-D-12-00054.1
  • Margrete Thomsen I, Koch J. 1999. Somatic compatibility in Amylostereum areolatum and A. chailletii as a consequence of symbiosis with siricid woodwasps. Mycol Res. 103:817–823. doi:10.1017/S0953756298007783
  • Mathew GM, Ju Y-M, Lai C-Y, Mathew DC, Huang CC. 2012. Microbial community analysis in the termite gut and fungus comb of Odontotermes formosanus: the implication of Bacillus as mutualists. FEMS Microbiol Ecol. 79:504–517. doi:10.1111/fem.2011.79.issue-2
  • Morgan FD. 1968. Bionomics of siricidae. Annu Rev Entomol. 13:239–256. doi:10.1146/annurev.en.13.010168.001323
  • Moriya S, Inoue T, Ohkuma M, Yaovapa T, Johjima T, Suwanarit P, Sangwanit U, Vongkaluang C, Noparatnaraporn N, Kudo T. 2005. Fungal community analysis of fungus gardens in termite nests. Microbes Environ. 20:243–252. doi:10.1264/jsme2.20.243
  • Morris E, Jimenez A, Long S, Williams D, Hajek A. 2012. Variability in growth of Deladenus siricidicola on strains of the white rot fungus Amylostereum areolatum. BioControl. 57:677–686. doi:10.1007/s10526-012-9447-1
  • Mueller GM, Schmit JP, Leacock PR, Buyck B, Cifuentes J, Desjardin DE, Halling RE, Hjortstam K, Iturriaga T, Larsson K-H, et al. 2007. Global diversity and distribution of macrofungi. Biodivers Conserv. 16:37–48. doi:10.1007/s10531-006-9108-8
  • Murat C, Díez J, Luis P, Delaruelle C, Dupré C, Chevalier G, Bonfante P, Martin F. 2004. Polymorphism at the ribosomal DNA ITS and its relation to postglacial re-colonization routes of the Perigord truffle Tuber melanosporum. New Phytol. 164:401–411. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2004.01189.x
  • Murat C, Rubini A, Riccioni C, Varga H, Akroume E, Belfiori B, Guaragno M, Tacon F, Robin C, Halkett F, et al. 2013. Fine-scale spatial genetic structure of the black truffle (Tuber melanosporum) investigated with neutral microsatellites and functional mating type genes. New Phytol. 199:176–187. doi:10.1111/nph.12264
  • Murat C, Vizzini A, Bonfante P, Mello A. 2005. Morphological and molecular typing of the below-ground fungal community in a natural Tuber magnatum truffle-ground. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 245:307–313. doi:10.1016/j.femsle.2005.03.019
  • Nagy L, Vágvölgyi C, Papp T. 2013. Morphological characterization of clades of the Psathyrellaceae (Agaricales) inferred from a multigene phylogeny. Mycol Prog. 12:505–517. doi:10.1007/s11557-012-0857-3
  • Nielsen C, Williams DW, Hajek AE. 2009. Putative source of the invasive Sirex noctilio fungal symbiont, Amylostereum areolatum, in the eastern United States and its association with native siricid woodwasps. Mycol Res. 113:1242–1253. doi:10.1016/j.mycres.2009.08.012
  • Nobre T. 2010a. Dispersion and colonisation by fungus-growing termites: vertical transmission of the symbiont helps, but then…? Commun & Integr Bio. 3:248–250. doi:10.4161/cib.3.3.11415
  • Nobre T, Aanen DK. 2012. Fungiculture or termite husbandry? The ruminant hypothesis. Insects. 3:307–323. doi:10.3390/insects3010307
  • Nobre T, Eggleton P, Aanent DK. 2010b. Vertical transmission as the key to the colonization of Madagascar by fungus-growing termites? P Roy Soc B-Biol Sci. 277:359–365.
  • Nobre T, Fernandes C, Boomsma JJ, Korb J, Aanen DK. 2011b. Farming termites determine the genetic population structure of Termitomyces fungal symbionts. Mol Ecol. 20:2023–2033. doi:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2011.05064.x
  • Nobre T, Koné N, Konaté S, Linsenmair K, Aanen D. 2011a. Dating the fungus – growing termites’ mutualism shows a mixture between ancient codiversification and recent symbiont dispersal across divergent hosts. Mol Ecol. 20:2619–2627. doi:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2011.05090.x
  • Oliveira ML, Morato EF. 2000. Stingless bees (Hymenoptera, Meliponini) feeding on stinkhorn spores (Fungi, Phallales): robbery or dispersal? Rev Bras Zool. 17:881–884. doi:10.1590/S0101-81752000000300025
  • Osiemo Z, Marten A, Kaib M, Gitonga L, Boga H, Brandl R. 2010. Open relationships in the castles of clay: high diversity and low host specificity of Termitomyces fungi associated with fungus-growing termites in Africa. Insectes Soc. 57:351–363. doi:10.1007/s00040-010-0092-3
  • Patouillard NT. 1892. Septobasidium nouveau genre d’hyménomycètes hétérobasidiés. J Bot (Morot). 6:61–64.
  • Quan Q-M, Wang Q-X, Zhou X-L, Li S, Yang X-L, Zhu Y-G, Cheng Z. 2014. Comparative phylogenetic relationships and genetic structure of the caterpillar fungus Ophiocordyceps sinensis and its host insects inferred from multiple gene sequences. J Microbiol. 52:99–105. doi:10.1007/s12275-014-3391-y
  • Riccioni C, Belfiori B, Rubini A, Passeri V, Arcioni S, Paolocci F. 2008. Tuber melanosporum outcrosses: analysis of the genetic diversity within and among its natural populations under this new scenario. New Phytol. 180:466–478. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2008.02560.x
  • Richardson MJ. 2002. The coprophilous succession. Fungal Divers. 10:101–111.
  • Richardson MJ. 2003. Coprophilous fungi. Field Mycol. 4:41–43. doi:10.1016/S1468-1641(10)60185-5
  • Rivera CS, Blanco D, Oria R, Venturini ME. 2010. Diversity of culturable microorganisms and occurrence of Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella spp. in Tuber aestivum and Tuber melanosporum ascocarps. Food Microbiol. 27:286–293. doi:10.1016/j.fm.2009.11.001
  • Rouland-Lefevre C, Diouf MN, Brauman A, Neyra M. 2002. Phylogenetic relationships in Termitomyces (family Agaricaceae) based on the nucleotide sequence of ITS: a first approach to elucidate the evolutionary history of the symbiosis between fungus-growing termites and their fungi. Mol Phylogenet Evol. 22:423–429. doi:10.1006/mpev.2001.1071
  • Rouland-Lefèvre C, Inoue T, Johjima T, editors. 2006. In intestinal microorganisms of termites and other invertebrates. Abingdon: Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Chapter 15, Termitomyces/termite interactions; p. 335–350.
  • Rubini A, Belfiori B, Riccioni C, Arcioni S, Martin F, Paolocci F. 2011a. Tuber melanosporum: mating type distribution in a natural plantation and dynamics of strains of different mating types on the roots of nursery-inoculated host plants. New Phytol. 189:723–735. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03493.x
  • Rubini A, Belfiori B, Riccioni C, Tisserant E, Arcioni S, Martin F, Paolocci F. 2011b. Isolation and characterization of MAT genes in the symbiotic ascomycete Tuber melanosporum. New Phytol. 189:710–722. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03492.x
  • Rubini A, Paolocci F, Riccioni C, Vendramin GG, Arcioni S. 2005. Genetic and phylogeographic structures of the symbiotic fungus Tuber magnatum. Appl Environ Microbiol. 71:6584–6589. doi:10.1128/AEM.71.11.6584-6589.2005
  • Shrestha B, Kim HK, Sung GH, Spatafora JW, Sung JM. 2004. Bipolar heterothallism, a principal mating system of Cordyceps militaris in vitro. Biotechnol Bioprocess Eng. 9:440–446. doi:10.1007/BF02933483
  • Shrestha B, Sung JM. 2005. Notes on Cordyceps species collected from the central region of Nepal. Mycobiology. 33:235–239.
  • Shrestha B, Zhang W, Zhang Y, Liu X. 2012. The medicinal fungus Cordyceps militaris: research and development. Mycol Prog. 11:599–614. doi:10.1007/s11557-012-0825-y
  • Shu Z, Yong JZ, Shrestha B. 2013. Ophiocordyceps sinensis and Cordyceps militaris: research advances, issues and perspectives. Mycosystema. 32:577–597.
  • Slippers B, Coutinho T, Wingfield B, Wingfield M. 2003. A review of the genus Amylostereum and its association with woodwasps. S Afr J Sci. 99:70–74.
  • Slippers B, Vasiliauskas R, Stenlid J, Wingfield MJ. 2005. The influence of the Amylostereum and siricid wood-wasp symbiosis on the populations of A. areolatum and A. chailletii. S Afr J Sci. 101:314–314.
  • Splivallo R, Ottonello S, Mello A, Karlovsky P. 2011. Truffle volatiles: from chemical ecology to aroma biosynthesis. New Phytol. 189:688–699. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03523.x
  • Stone R. 2008. Mycology: last stand for the body Snatcher of the Himalayas? Science. 322:1182–1182. doi:10.1126/science.322.5905.1182
  • Sung G-H, Hywel-Jones NL, Sung J-M, Luangsa-ard JJ, Shrestha B, Spatafora JW. 2007. Phylogenetic classification of Cordyceps and the clavicipitaceous fungi. Stud Mycol. 57:5–59. doi:10.3114/sim.2007.57.01
  • Sung JM, Kim SH, Yoon CS. 1999. Analysis of genetic relationship of Cordyceps militaris in Korea by random amplified polymorphic DNA. The Korean J of Mycology. 27:256–273.
  • Tabata M, Abe Y. 1999. Amylostereum laevigatum associated with a horntail Urocerus antennatus. Mycoscience. 40:535–539. doi:10.1007/BF02461032
  • Taprab Y, Ohkuma M, Johjima T, Maeda Y, Moriya S, Inoue T, Suwanarit P, Noparatnaraporn N, Kudo T. 2002. Molecular phylogeny of symbiotic basidiomycetes of fungus-growing termites in Thailand and their relationship with the host. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 66:1159–1163. doi:10.1271/bbb.66.1159
  • Thomsen IM, Harding S. 2011. Fungal symbionts of siricid woodwasps: isolation techniques and identification. For Pathol. 41:325–333. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0329.2010.00677.x
  • Tuno N. 1998. Spore dispersal of Dictyophora fungi (Phallaceae) by flies. Ecol Res. 13:7–15. doi:10.1046/j.1440-1703.1998.00241.x
  • Van Der Nest MA, Slippers B, Stenlid J, Wilken PM, Vasaitis R, Wingfield MJ, Wingfield BD. 2008. Characterization of the systems governing sexual and self-recognition in the white rot homobasidiomycete Amylostereum areolatum. Curr Genet. 53:323–336. doi:10.1007/s00294-008-0188-8
  • Vasiliauskas R, Stenlid J. 1999. Vegetative compatibility groups of Amylostereum areolatum and A. chailletii from Sweden and Lithuania. Mycol Res. 103:824–829. doi:10.1017/S0953756298007862
  • Vasiliauskas R, Stenlid J, Thomsen IM. 1998. Clonality and genetic variation in Amylostereum areolatum and A. chailletii from northern Europe. New Phytol. 139:751–758. doi:10.1046/j.1469-8137.1998.00240.x
  • Vernes K, Jarman P. 2014. Long-nosed potoroo (Potorous tridactylus) behaviour and handling times when foraging for buried truffles. Aust Mammal. 36:128–130.
  • Visser AA, Kooij PW, Debets AJM, Kuyper TW, Aanen DK. 2011. Pseudoxylaria as stowaway of the fungus-growing termite nest: Interaction asymmetry between Pseudoxylaria, Termitomyces and free-living relatives. Fungal Ecol. 4:322–332. doi:10.1016/j.funeco.2011.05.003
  • Wang L, Zhang WM, Hu B, Chen YQ, Qu LH. 2008. Genetic variation of Cordyceps militaris and its allies based on phylogenetic analysis of rDNA ITS sequence data. Fungal Divers. 31:147–155.
  • Wang PF, Juan HE, Zhou W, Li B, Wu P, Li ZJ. 2012. A survey on the studies of Termitomyces. Microbiol China. 39:1487–1498.
  • Wang XL, Yao YJ. 2011. Host insect species of Ophiocordyceps sinensis: a review. ZooKeys. 127:43–59.
  • Wang Y, Tan ZM, Zhang DC, Murat C, Jeandroz S, Le Tacon F. 2006a. Phylogenetic and populational study of the Tuber indicum complex. Mycol Res. 110:1034–1045. doi:10.1016/j.mycres.2006.06.013
  • Wang Y, Tan ZM, Zhang DC, Murat C, Jeandroz S, Le Tacon F. 2006b. Phylogenetic relationships between Tuber pseudoexcavatum, a Chinese truffle, and other Tuber species based on parsimony and distance analysis of four different gene sequences. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 259:269–281. doi:10.1111/j.1574-6968.2006.00283.x
  • Wen TC, Li MF, Kang JC, He J. 2012. A molecular genetic study on fruiting-body formation of Cordyceps militaris. Afr J Microbiol Res. 6:5215–5221.
  • Xiong CH, Xia YL, Zheng P, Shi SH, Wang CS. 2010. Developmental stage-specific gene expression profiling for a medicinal fungus Cordyceps militaris. Mycology. 1:25–66. doi:10.1080/21501201003674581
  • Yang DR, Li CD, Shu C, Yang YX. 1996. Studies on the Chinese species of the genus Hepialus and their geographical distribution. Acta Entomol Sin. 39:413–422.
  • Yin YL, Yu GJ, Chen YJ, Jiang S, Wang M, Jin YX, Lan XQ, Liang Y, Sun H. 2012. Genome-wide transcriptome and proteome analysis on different developmental stages of Cordyceps militaris. Plos One [Internet]. [cited 2014 October 29];12. Available from: http://www.plosone.org
  • Yokoyama E, Arakawa M, Yamagishi K, Hara A. 2006. Phylogenetic and structural analyses of the mating-type loci in Clavicipitaceae. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 264:182–191. doi:10.1111/j.1574-6968.2006.00447.x
  • Yu H, Wang Z, Liu L, Xia Y, Yin Y, Yuan Q, Cao Y, Peng G. 2008. Analysis of fungal diversity in intestines of Hepialus gonggaensis larvae. Acta Microbiologica Sinica. 48:439–445.
  • Zampieri E, Rizzello R, Bonfante P, Mello A. 2012. The detection of mating type genes of Tuber melanosporum in productive and non productive soils. Appl Soil Ecol. 57:9–15. doi:10.1016/j.apsoil.2012.02.013
  • Zeng W, Yin F. 2003. Investigation on death of Hepialus gonggaensis larvae. Chongqing J Res Chin Drugs Herbs. 2:5–6. Chinese.
  • Zhang S, Zhang Y-J, Liu X-Z, Wen H-A, Wang M, Liu D-S. 2011. Cloning and analysis of the MAT1-2-1 gene from the traditional Chinese medicinal fungus Ophiocordyceps sinensis. Fungal Bio. 115:708–714. doi:10.1016/j.funbio.2011.05.004
  • Zhang S, Zhang YJ, Shrestha B, Xu JP, Wang CS, Liu XZ. 2013. Ophiocordyceps sinensis and Cordyceps militaris: research advances, issues and perspectives. Mycosystema. 32:577–597.
  • Zhang YJ, Li EW, Wang CS, Li YL, Liu XZ. 2012. Ophiocordyceps sinensis, the flagship fungus of China: terminology, life strategy and ecology. Mycology. 3:2–10.
  • Zhang YJ, Xu LL, Zhang S, Liu XZ, An ZQ, Wang M, Guo YL. 2009. Genetic diversity of Ophiocordyceps sinensis, a medicinal fungus endemic to the Tibetan Plateau: implications for its evolution and conservation. BMC Evol Biol. 9:1–12.
  • Zhang YJ, Zhang S, Li YL, Ma AL, Wang CS, Xiang MC, Liu X, An ZQ, Xu JP, Liu XZ. 2014. Phylogeography and evolution of a fungal‐insect association on the Tibetan Plateau. Mol Ecol. 23:5337–5355.
  • Zhang YW, Chen YJ, Shen FR, Yang YX, Yang DR, Zhang YP. 1999. Study of genetic divergence in Cordyceps sinensis and C. crassispora from northwest of Yunnan by using RAPD. Mycosystema. 18:176–183.
  • Zhang Z. 2009. Analysis of change of microbial flora in intestine channel of Hepialus larva which was host of Cordyceps sinensis in Qinghai province. Chin Qinghai J Anim Vet Sci. 6:11.
  • Zheng P, Xia YL, Xiao GH, Xiong CH, Hu X, Zhang SW, Zheng HJ, Huang Y, Zhou Y, Wang SY, et al. 2011. Genome sequence of the insect pathogenic fungus Cordyceps militaris, a valued traditional Chinese medicine. Genome Biol. 12:R116.
  • Zhong X, Peng Q-Y, Li S-S, Chen H, Sun H-X, Zhang G-R, Liu X. 2014. Detection of Ophiocordyceps sinensis in the roots of plants in alpine meadows by nested-touchdown polymerase chain reaction. Fungal Biol. 118:359–363. doi:10.1016/j.funbio.2013.12.005
  • Zhong X, Peng QY, Qi LL, Lei W, Liu X. 2010. rDNA-targeted PCR primers and FISH probe in the detection of Ophiocordyceps sinensis hyphae and conidia. J Microbiol Methods. 83:188–193. doi:10.1016/j.mimet.2010.08.020
  • Zhou C, Yang G, Honghui L, Xiaoling Y, Shan L, Yunguo Z, Guangpu GP, Tongshui Z, Jiakuan C. 2007. Phyolgenetic relationships of host insects of Cordyceps sinensis inferred from mitochondrial Cytochrome B sequences. Prog Nat Sci. 17:789–797. doi:10.1080/10002007088537474