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Research Paper

Reduced virulence of a pseudorabies virus isolate from wild boar origin in domestic pigs correlates with hampered visceral spread and age-dependent reduced neuroinvasive capacity

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Pages 149-162 | Received 05 Jun 2017, Accepted 15 Aug 2017, Published online: 04 Oct 2017

Figures & data

Figure 1. Distribution of viral DNA in different tissues after infection of domestic pigs with the wild boar PRV strain BEL24043. Several tissues were collected from domestic pigs of 2- and 15-week-old at different time points after intranasal inoculation with the wild boar PRV strain BEL24043 and tested by qPCR directed against glycoprotein gB. Viral DNA concentrations at different primary and secondary sites of replication for 2- and 15-week-old pigs (a and c, respectively) and for peripheral and central nervous system tissues for 2- and 15-week-old pigs (b and d, respectively) are shown. Different pigs infected with the wild boar strain are indicated by W01 to W16 and d1 to d28 indicate the day post infection at which the pigs were euthanized.

Figure 1. Distribution of viral DNA in different tissues after infection of domestic pigs with the wild boar PRV strain BEL24043. Several tissues were collected from domestic pigs of 2- and 15-week-old at different time points after intranasal inoculation with the wild boar PRV strain BEL24043 and tested by qPCR directed against glycoprotein gB. Viral DNA concentrations at different primary and secondary sites of replication for 2- and 15-week-old pigs (a and c, respectively) and for peripheral and central nervous system tissues for 2- and 15-week-old pigs (b and d, respectively) are shown. Different pigs infected with the wild boar strain are indicated by W01 to W16 and d1 to d28 indicate the day post infection at which the pigs were euthanized.

Figure 2. Nasal mucosa. Domestic pigs of 2- and 15-weeks old were intranasally inoculated with the wild boar PRV strain BEL24043 and euthanized at different time points post infection. mRNA expression of several PRV genes in the nasal mucosa was studied by RT-qPCR in 2- and 15-week-old pigs (a and d, respectively). Viral gene levels were expressed relative to the lowest positive sample for each age category. Furthermore, cytokine-related mRNA expression in de nasal mucosa was tested by RT-qPCR in 2- and 15-week-old pigs (b, c and e, f, respectively). Individual cytokine levels for all animals are expressed relative to the average cytokine expression in the control group (separately for 2- and 15- week old animals). Different pigs infected with the wild boar strain are indicated by W01 to W16. Control pigs are indicated by C01 to C10. d1 to d28 indicate the day post infection at which the pigs were euthanized.

Figure 2. Nasal mucosa. Domestic pigs of 2- and 15-weeks old were intranasally inoculated with the wild boar PRV strain BEL24043 and euthanized at different time points post infection. mRNA expression of several PRV genes in the nasal mucosa was studied by RT-qPCR in 2- and 15-week-old pigs (a and d, respectively). Viral gene levels were expressed relative to the lowest positive sample for each age category. Furthermore, cytokine-related mRNA expression in de nasal mucosa was tested by RT-qPCR in 2- and 15-week-old pigs (b, c and e, f, respectively). Individual cytokine levels for all animals are expressed relative to the average cytokine expression in the control group (separately for 2- and 15- week old animals). Different pigs infected with the wild boar strain are indicated by W01 to W16. Control pigs are indicated by C01 to C10. d1 to d28 indicate the day post infection at which the pigs were euthanized.

Figure 3. Tonsils. Domestic pigs of 2- and 15-weeks old were intranasally inoculated with the wild boar PRV strain BEL24043 and euthanized at different time points post infection. mRNA expression of several PRV genes in the tonsils was studied by RT-qPCR in 2- and 15-week-old pigs (a and d, respectively). Viral gene levels were expressed relative to the lowest positive sample for each age category. Furthermore, cytokine-related mRNA expression in de nasal mucosa was tested by RT-qPCR in 2- and 15-week-old pigs (b, c and e, f, respectively). Individual cytokine levels for all animals are expressed relative to the average cytokine expression in the control group (separately for 2- and 15- week old animals). Different pigs infected with the wild boar strain are indicated by W01 to W16. Control pigs are indicated by C01 to C10. d1 to d28 indicate the day post infection at which the pigs were euthanized.

Figure 3. Tonsils. Domestic pigs of 2- and 15-weeks old were intranasally inoculated with the wild boar PRV strain BEL24043 and euthanized at different time points post infection. mRNA expression of several PRV genes in the tonsils was studied by RT-qPCR in 2- and 15-week-old pigs (a and d, respectively). Viral gene levels were expressed relative to the lowest positive sample for each age category. Furthermore, cytokine-related mRNA expression in de nasal mucosa was tested by RT-qPCR in 2- and 15-week-old pigs (b, c and e, f, respectively). Individual cytokine levels for all animals are expressed relative to the average cytokine expression in the control group (separately for 2- and 15- week old animals). Different pigs infected with the wild boar strain are indicated by W01 to W16. Control pigs are indicated by C01 to C10. d1 to d28 indicate the day post infection at which the pigs were euthanized.

Figure 4. Trigeminal ganglion. Domestic pigs of 2- and 15-weeks old were intranasally inoculated with the wild boar PRV strain BEL24043 and euthanized at different time points post infection. mRNA expression of several PRV genes in the trigeminal ganglion was studied by RT-qPCR in 2- and 15-week-old pigs (a and d, respectively). Viral gene levels were expressed relative to the lowest positive sample for each age category. Furthermore, cytokine-related mRNA expression in de trigeminal ganglion was tested by RT-qPCR in 2- and 15-week-old pigs (b, c and e, f, respectively). Individual cytokine levels for all animals are expressed relative to the average cytokine expression in the control group (separately for 2- and 15- week old animals). Different pigs infected with the wild boar strain are indicated by W01 to W16. Control pigs are indicated by C01 to C10. d1 to d28 indicate the day post infection at which the pigs were euthanized.

Figure 4. Trigeminal ganglion. Domestic pigs of 2- and 15-weeks old were intranasally inoculated with the wild boar PRV strain BEL24043 and euthanized at different time points post infection. mRNA expression of several PRV genes in the trigeminal ganglion was studied by RT-qPCR in 2- and 15-week-old pigs (a and d, respectively). Viral gene levels were expressed relative to the lowest positive sample for each age category. Furthermore, cytokine-related mRNA expression in de trigeminal ganglion was tested by RT-qPCR in 2- and 15-week-old pigs (b, c and e, f, respectively). Individual cytokine levels for all animals are expressed relative to the average cytokine expression in the control group (separately for 2- and 15- week old animals). Different pigs infected with the wild boar strain are indicated by W01 to W16. Control pigs are indicated by C01 to C10. d1 to d28 indicate the day post infection at which the pigs were euthanized.

Figure 5. Pons. Domestic pigs of 2- and 15-weeks old were intranasally inoculated with the wild boar PRV strain BEL24043 and euthanized at different time points post infection. mRNA expression of several PRV genes in the pons was studied by RT-qPCR in 2- and 15-week-old pigs (a and d, respectively). Viral gene levels were expressed relative to the lowest positive sample for each age category. Furthermore, cytokine-related mRNA expression in de pons was tested by RT-qPCR in 2- and 15-week-old pigs (b, c and e, f, respectively). Individual cytokine levels for all animals are expressed relative to the average cytokine expression in the control group (separately for 2- and 15- week old animals). Different pigs infected with the wild boar strain are indicated by W01 to W16. Control pigs are indicated by C01 to C10. d1 to d28 indicate the day post infection at which the pigs were euthanized.

Figure 5. Pons. Domestic pigs of 2- and 15-weeks old were intranasally inoculated with the wild boar PRV strain BEL24043 and euthanized at different time points post infection. mRNA expression of several PRV genes in the pons was studied by RT-qPCR in 2- and 15-week-old pigs (a and d, respectively). Viral gene levels were expressed relative to the lowest positive sample for each age category. Furthermore, cytokine-related mRNA expression in de pons was tested by RT-qPCR in 2- and 15-week-old pigs (b, c and e, f, respectively). Individual cytokine levels for all animals are expressed relative to the average cytokine expression in the control group (separately for 2- and 15- week old animals). Different pigs infected with the wild boar strain are indicated by W01 to W16. Control pigs are indicated by C01 to C10. d1 to d28 indicate the day post infection at which the pigs were euthanized.

Figure 6. Olfactory bulb. Domestic pigs of 2- and 15-weeks old were intranasally inoculated with the wild boar PRV strain BEL24043 and euthanized at different time points post infection. mRNA expression of several PRV genes in the olfactory bulb was studied by RT-qPCR in 2- and 15-week-old pigs (a and d, respectively). Viral gene levels were expressed relative to the lowest positive sample for each age category. Furthermore, cytokine-related mRNA expression in de olfactory bulb was tested by RT-qPCR in 2- and 15-week-old pigs (b, c and e, f, respectively). Individual cytokine levels for all animals are expressed relative to the average cytokine expression in the control group (separately for 2- and 15- week old animals). Different pigs infected with the wild boar strain are indicated by W01 to W16. Control pigs are indicated by C01 to C10. d1 to d28 indicate the day post infection at which the pigs were euthanized.

Figure 6. Olfactory bulb. Domestic pigs of 2- and 15-weeks old were intranasally inoculated with the wild boar PRV strain BEL24043 and euthanized at different time points post infection. mRNA expression of several PRV genes in the olfactory bulb was studied by RT-qPCR in 2- and 15-week-old pigs (a and d, respectively). Viral gene levels were expressed relative to the lowest positive sample for each age category. Furthermore, cytokine-related mRNA expression in de olfactory bulb was tested by RT-qPCR in 2- and 15-week-old pigs (b, c and e, f, respectively). Individual cytokine levels for all animals are expressed relative to the average cytokine expression in the control group (separately for 2- and 15- week old animals). Different pigs infected with the wild boar strain are indicated by W01 to W16. Control pigs are indicated by C01 to C10. d1 to d28 indicate the day post infection at which the pigs were euthanized.
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