Trial watch: Dendritic cell-based anticancer immunotherapy

Figures & data

Figure 1. Overview of cancer types and tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) in published and ongoing clinical trials testing DC-based vaccination in cancer patients. A survey of the PubMed database (for published clinical trials; left) or Clinicaltrials.gov database (for ongoing clinical trials; right) concerning the use of DC-based vaccines in cancer patients is presented relative to (1) cancer type; (2) source of antigens; and (3) specific TAAs (when relevant). Only entities applicable to ≥ 2 clinical trials (published studies) or ≥ 3 clinical trials (ongoing studies) are shown. DC, dendritic cell; GBM, glioblastoma; HGG, high-grade glioma; RCC, renal cell carcinoma; TAA, tumor-associated antigens.

Table 1. Clinical trials currently testing the therapeutic efficacy of dendritic cell-based anticancer immunotherapy.

Type of DC vaccine	Cancer type	Trial phase	Status	TAA(s)	Combinatorial treatment	Ref.
DCs transfected with adenovirus coding TAAs	Small cell lung cancer	I/II	Active, not recruiting	MUC1, Survivin	CIK cells	NCT02688673
	NSCLC	I/II	Not yet recruiting	SOCS, MUC1, Survivin	CIK cells	NCT02688686
	Esophagus cancer	I/II	Active, not recruiting	MUC1, Survivin	CIK cells	NCT02693236
	Gastric cancer	I	Not yet recruiting	MUC1	CTLs	NCT02602249
		I	Active, not recruiting	CEA	CTLs	NCT02496273
	Multiple myeloma	I	Recruiting	Survivin	Autologous haematopoietic cell transplantation	NCT02851056
Allogeneic DCs (Intuvax)	RCC	II	Recruiting	—	Sunitinib (Nephrectomy)	NCT02432846
	Gastrointestinal stromal tumors	I	Not yet recruiting	—	Sunitinib	NCT02686944
Autologous DCs	Ovarian cancer	I/II	Recruiting	—	Cisplatin, celecoxib, IFN, Rintatolimod	NCT02432378
	Solid tumors	I	Active, not recruiting	—	—	NCT02882659
	NSCLC with wild type- EGFR	II	Recruiting	—	Pemetrexed, Carboplatin	NCT02669719
	Follicular lymphoma	II	Recruiting	—	Intranodal immunotherapy (Radiation, Rituximab, GM-CSF) and Pembrolizumab	NCT02677155
	Colon cancer	II	Not yet recruiting	—	Celecoxib, IFNα2b, Rintatolimod	NCT02615574
Autologous DCs loaded with tumor cell lysate	Multiple myeloma	I/II	Completed	—	Cyclophosphamide	NCT02248402
	RCC	II	Not yet recruiting	—	CIKs	NCT02487550
	Sarcomas or CNS tumors	I/II	Recruiting	—	Surgery/Chemotherapy/Radiotherapy	NCT02496520
	Colorectal cancer	III	Not yet recruiting	—	Modified FOLFOX6 [mFOLFOX6] (Oxaliplatin, 5-Fluorouracil and Leucovorin)	NCT02503150
		II	Active, not recruiting	—	IL-2	NCT02919644
	Solid pediatric malignancies	I	Completed	—	—	NCT02533895
	Esophageal cancer	II	Recruiting	—	CIK cells; Prior to DC-CIK: Paclitaxel, cisplatin	NCT02644863
	Melanoma	II	Recruiting	—	IL2	NCT02718391
		II	Recruiting	—	—	NCT02301611
		I/II	Recruiting	—	Standard-of-Care ICBs treatment	NCT02678741
	Neuroblastoma	I	Recruiting	—	Haematopoietic progenitor cell (HPC) transplant	NCT02745756
	GBM	II	Active, not recruiting	—	Temozolomide, Radiotherapy	NCT02772094
		II	Recruiting	pp65	Basiliximab, Tetanus Diptheria toxoid	NCT02366728
		II	Not yet recruiting	—	Nivolumab	NCT03014804
		I	Not yet recruiting	—	—	NCT02820584
	Mesothelioma	I	Recruiting	Mixture of five allogeneic tumor cell lysates	—	NCT02395679
Autologous DCs transfected with1 TAA-coding RNA(s)	Hematological malignancies	I/II	Recruiting	Minor histocompatibility complex	—	NCT02528682
	Acute myeloid leukemia	I/II	Recruiting	WT1, PRAME	—	NCT02405338
	Glioma and/or GBM	II	Recruiting	pp65	GM-CSF, Tetanus Diphtheria Toxoid	NCT02465268
		I	Recruiting	pp65	Nivolumab, Tetanus Diphtheria Toxoid	NCT02529072
		I/II	Recruiting	WT1	Temozolomide	NCT02649582
		I/II	Recruiting	—	TAAs pulsed Allogeneic PBMCs, Autologous irradiated tumor cells	NCT02808364
		I/II	Recruiting	Whole GBM antigens	Allogeneic PBMCs, Chemo/Radiotherapy and cycles of Temozolomide treatment	NCT02709616
	Pleural mesothelioma	I/II	Recruiting	WT1	Platinum/Pemetrexed, Cisplatin	NCT02649829
	Brain metastases from solid tumors	I/II	Recruiting	—	TAAs-pulsed Allogeneic PBMCs, Autologous irradiated tumor cells	NCT02808416
Autologous DCs loaded with TAAs or TAA-derived peptide(s)	Prostate cancer	II	Recruiting	TARP	—	NCT02362451
		I	Enrolling by invitation	TARP	—	NCT02362464
		II	Recruiting	Whole antigens, NY-ESO-1, MUC1 PepTivator®	—	NCT02692976
	Breast cancer	I	Recruiting	Tumor blood vessel antigen	Gemcitabine	NCT02479230
	CML	I/II	Recruiting	BCR/ABLl, WT1, proteinase-3	—	NCT02543749
	Melanoma	I/II	Active, not recruiting	—	—	NCT02574377
		III	Active	—	—	NCT02993315
		II	Recruiting	NY-ESO-1, Melan-A/MART-1	Hiltonol	NCT02334735
	Solid malignancies	I/II	Not yet recruiting	Sp17, Ropporin, AKAP-4, PTTG1, Span-xb, HER2, HM1.24, NY-ESO-1, MAGE-1	Cyclophosphamide, GM-CSF	NCT02705703
	Liver cancer	I/II	Not yet recruiting	SP17, Ropporin, AKAP4, PTTG1, Span-xb	Cyclophosphamide, GM-CSF	NCT02709993
	Solid tumors	I	Not yet recruiting	NY-ESO-1	Nivolumab, NY-ESO-1 TCR expressing T cells, Cyclophosphamide, Fludarabine phosphate, Aldesleukin	NCT02775292
	RCC	I/II	Not yet recruiting	MAGE-3, MAGE-4, Survivin, HER2, COX-2 CTL epitopes	TAAs-specific CTLs	NCT02787915
	HGG, medulloblastomas, CNS tumors	I/II	Terminated	MAGE-A1, MAGE-A3, NY-ESO-1	Decitabine, Hiltonol, GM-CSF	NCT02332889
	Ductal carcinoma in situ	I/II	Active, not recruiting	HER2	Trastuzumab, Pertuzumab	NCT02336984
	HER-2 positive cancers	I	Temporarily not available	HER2	—	NCT02473653
	Pancreatic cancer	I/II	Recruiting	—	CTLs, gemcitabine	NCT02529579
		I	Recruiting	—	FOLFIRINOX or 5-FU/Gemcitabine Chemoradiation or Gemcitabine+nab-Paclitaxel	NCT02548169
		II	Withdrawn	MUC1	—	NCT02310971
	Glioma	I/II	Recruiting	IDH1R132H	CTLs, Concurrent of Radio-/Chemo-therapy	NCT02771301
	NSCLC	I	Withdrawn	Neoantigens	Cyclophosphamide	NCT02419170
Dendritomas	Multiple myeloma	II	Recruiting	—	Autologous Stem Cell Transplant with Melphalan i.c.w. GM-CSF, Lenalidomide	NCT02728102
Autologous DC-CIK combinations	Solid tumors	I/II	Recruiting	—	CIK cells, anti-PD1 immunotherapy	NCT02886897
	Hepatocellular carcinoma	II	Recruiting	—	CIK cells, TACE, 5-FU, Lipiodol	NCT02487017
	Breast cancer	II	Active, not recruiting	—	CIKs, Capecitabine	NCT02491697
DC-CTL	NSCLC	II	Not yet recruiting	—	Gemcitabine/Cisplatin	NCT02766348
DCs combination with T cells targeting neoantigens or TAAs	Biliary tract tumors	I/II	Recruiting	—	Gemcitabine	NCT02632019
	Liver cancer	I/II	Recruiting	—	TACE	NCT02873442
		I/II	Recruiting	—	TACE	NCT02862613
		I/II	Recruiting	—	Postoperative routine treatment	NCT02632188
		I/II	Recruiting	—	TACE	NCT02638857
	Gastric cancer	I/II	Recruiting	—	Cisplatin, 5-FU	NCT02862561
		I/II	Recruiting	—	Cisplatin, 5-FU	NCT02873520
	Lung cancer	I/II	Recruiting	—	Cisplatin, Gemcitabine	NCT02862587
		I/II	Recruiting	—	Cisplatin, Gemcitabine	NCT02873416

Abbreviations: 5-FU, 5-fluorouracil; CEA, Carcinoembryonic antigen; CIK, cytokine-induced killer; CML, chronic myeloid leukemia; CNS, central nervous system; COX, cyclo-oxygenase; CTL, cytotoxic T lymphocytes; DC, dendritic cell; DLI, donor lymphocyte infusion; GBM, glioblastoma multiforme; GM-CSF, granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor; GMCSF, granulocytic monocytic colony-stimulating factor; HGG, high-grade glioma; ICB, immune checkpoint blocker; IFN, interferon; IL, interleukin; MAGE, melanoma antigen family; MLANA, melan A; MUC1, mucin 1; NSCLC, non-small cell lung cancer; NY-ESO-1, New York esophageal squamous cell carcinoma-1; PBMC, peripheral blood mononuclear cells; PD1, programmed cell death-1; PRAME, preferentially expressed antigen in melanoma; RCC, renal cell carcinoma; TAA, tumor-associated antigen; TACE, trans-catheter arterial chemoembolization; TARP, T-cell receptor γ alternate reading frame protein; TCR, T cell receptor; WT1, Wilms tumor 1.