Trial watch: dendritic cell vaccination for cancer immunotherapy

Figures & data

Figure 1. Overview of current strategies of dendritic cell vaccination for cancer therapy. ACPP, acid phosphatase, prostate; AML, acute myeloid leukemia; CEA, carcinoembryonic antigen; CLL, chronic lymphocytic leukemia; CRC, colorectal cancer; DC, dendritic cell; DKK1, dickkopf WNT signaling pathway inhibitor 1; EPS8, epidermal growth factor receptor pathway substrate 8; HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma; KRAS, KRAS proto-oncogene, GTPase; MUC1, mucin 1, cell surface associated; NSCLC, non-small cell lung cancer; NY-ESO-1 (official name: CTAG1B), cancer/testis antigen 1B; CMV pp65, cytomegalovirus 65 kDa phosphoprotein; PSA (official name: KLK3), kallikrein related peptidase 3; RCC, renal cell carcinoma; RNF43, ring finger protein 43; TAA, tumor-associated antigen; TERT, telomerase reverse transcriptase; WT1, WT1 transcription factor.

Table 1. Overview of clinical trials currently testing dendritic cell-based immunotherapy in cancer patients.

Strategy	Indication	Phase	Status	TAA(s)	Combinatorial treatment	Reference
Autologous DCs	Breast cancer	I/II	Recruiting	n.a.	Neoadjuvant chemotherapy	NCT03450044
	Colorectal carcinoma	I/II	Recruiting	n.a.	Avelumab	NCT03152565
	Hepatocellular carcinoma	I/II	Recruiting	n.a.	Trans-arterialchemoembolization	NCT03086564
	NSCLC	I	Recruiting	n.a.	Pembrolizumab	NCT03546361
	Prostate cancer	I/II	Recruiting	n.a.	GNRH1 agonist and central memory T cells	NCT03085966
	Solid tumors	I	Not yet recruiting	n.a.	Single agent	NCT03638765
		I	Recruiting	n.a.	Avelumab, ipilimumab and nivolumab	NCT03707808
		I	Not yet recruiting	n.a.	Anti-PD1 antibody	NCT03815084
Autologous DCs loaded with tumor cell lysate	Breast cancer	I	Unknown	Tumor lysate	Single agent	NCT03113019
	Colorectal carcinoma	I	Recruiting	Tumor lysate	Single agent	NCT03214939
	Glioblastoma	II	Recruiting	Tumor lysate	Standard therapy	NCT03395587
		I	Not yet recruiting	Tumor lysate	Single agent	NCT03360708
	Gastric cancer	II	Recruiting	Tumor lysate	Single agent	NCT03410732
	Melanoma	I	Not yet recruiting	Tumor lysate	Anti-PD-1 antibody	NCT03743298
		I/II	Recruiting	Tumor lysate	Pembrolizumab	NCT03325101
		I	Not yet recruiting	Tumor lysate	Single agent	NCT03803397
	Mesothelioma	II/III	Recruiting	Tumor lysate.	Best supportive care	NCT03610360
		I	Not yet recruiting	Tumor lysate	Pembrolizumab and IL2	NCT03546426
	Ovarian cancer	I/II	Not yet recruiting	Tumor lysate	Autologous NK cell-like CTLs	NCT03735589
		II	Active, not recruiting	n.a.	Standard of care chemotherapy	NCT03657966
	Renal cell carcinoma	II	Withdrawn	Tumor lysate	Boost radiotherapy and high-dose IL2	NCT03226236
	Solid tumors	I	Recruiting	Tumor lysate	Single agent	NCT03671720
Autologous DCs transfected or pulsed with TAA-coding RNA(s)	Acute myeloid leukemia	I/II	Recruiting	WT1	Single agent	NCT03083054
	Glioblastoma	I	Recruiting	Tumor-derived mRNA	TTRNA-xALT, temozolomide, and autologous hematopoietic stem cells	NCT03334305
		I	Recruiting	Tumor-derived mRNA	TTRNA-xALT, temozolomide, lymphodepletive conditioning and autologous hematopoietic stem cells	NCT03396575
		II/III	Recruiting	Survivin and TERT	Temozolomide	NCT03548571
		I	Active, not recruiting	CMV pp65	Tetanus toxoid	NCT03615404
		II	Not yet recruiting	CMV pp65	Temozolomide, varlilumab, and tetanus-diphtheria vaccine	NCT03688178
	NSCLC	I	Recruiting	TERT	Single agent	NCT03371485
Autologous DCs loaded with recombinant TAAs or TAA-derived peptide(s)	Acute myeloid leukemia	I	Recruiting	WT1 or EPS8	CAR-expressing T cells	NCT03291444
	Breast cancer	I	Recruiting	ERBB2	Neoadjuvant chemotherapy	NCT03387553
		II	Recruiting	IGFBP2, ERBB2, and IGF1R	DNA-based vaccine	NCT03384914
		II	Recruiting	ERBB2	Single agent	NCT03630809
	Colorectal carcinoma	I	Recruiting	Mutated peptides	Single agent	NCT03730948
	Gastric cancer	I	Not yet recruiting	Tumor peptide pool	Anti-PD-1 antibody	NCT03393416
	Glioblastoma	II	Recruiting	Autologous TAAs	Single agent	NCT03400917
	Hepatocellular carcinoma	I	Recruiting	Personalized neoantigen	Microwave ablation	NCT03674073
	Lung Cancer	II	Recruiting	TP53	Nivolumab and Ipilimumab	NCT03406715
	Melanoma	I	Recruiting	Melanoma tumor-specific peptides	Cyclophosphamide and pembrolizumab	NCT03092453
	Myeloma	I	Not yet recruiting	DKK1-derived peptide	Single agent	NCT03591614
	Nasopharyngeal cancer	I	Recruiting	EBV proteins	Single agent	NCT03282617
	Pancreatic cancer	I	Recruiting	Mutant KRAS peptides	Single agent	NCT03592888
	Prostate cancer	I/II	Active, not recruiting	MUC1- and WT1-derived peptides	Standard therapy	NCT03114631
		III	Recruiting	ACPP	Single agent	NCT03686683
		I/II	Recruiting		Pdcd1^-/- T Cells	NCT03525652
	Solid tumors	n.a.	Not yet recruiting	TAAs	Cyclophosphamide	NCT03185429
		II	Recruiting	Immunogenic neoantigens	Single agent	NCT03300843
Autologous DC-CIK combinations	Lung cancer	I/II	Recruiting	n.a.	Anti-PD-1 antibody	NCT03360630
	Mesothelioma	I/II	Recruiting	n.a.	Anti-PD-1 antibody and hyperthermia	NCT03393858
	Neoplasms	I/II	Recruiting	n.a.	Anti-PD-1 antibody	NCT03190811
	NSCLC	I	Not yet recruiting	Dribbles	Single agent or with imiquimod/GM-CSF	NCT03057340
	Renal cell carcinoma	II	Recruiting	n.a.	Axitinib and anti-PD-1 antibody	NCT03736330
	Solid tumors	I/II	Recruiting	n.a.	Chemotherapy	NCT03047525
		I	Not yet recruiting	n.a.	Anti-PD-1 antibody	NCT03815630
Allogenic DCs	Acute myeloid leukemia	II	Recruiting	n.a.	Single agent	NCT03697707
	Solid tumors	I/II	Recruiting	n.a.	Pembrolizumab	NCT03735290
DC-cancer cell fusions	Acute myeloid leukemia	II	Recruiting	n.a.	Single agent	NCT03059485
		I	Recruiting	n.a.	Decitabine	NCT03679650
	Multiple myeloma	II	Not yet recruiting	n.a.	Nivolumab	NCT03782064

Abbreviations: ACPP, acid phosphatase, prostate; CAR, chimeric antigen receptor; CIK, cytokine-induced killer; CMV pp65, cytomegalovirus 65 kDa phosphoprotein; CTL, cytotoxic T lymphocyte; DC, dendritic cell; DKK1, dickkopf WNT signaling pathway inhibitor 1; EBV, Epstein-Barr virus; EPS8, epidermal growth factor receptor kinase substrate 8; ERBB2, erb-b2 receptor tyrosine kinase 2; GNRH1, gonadotropin releasing hormone 1; IGF1R, insulin like growth factor 1 receptor; IGFBP2, insulin-like growth factor binding protein 2; IL, interleukin; KRAS, KRAS proto-oncogene, GTPase; MUC1, mucin 1, cell surface associated; n.a., not applicable; NK, natural killer; NSCLC, non-small cell lung cancer; PD-1 (official name PDCD1), programmed cell death 1; TAA, tumor-associated antigen; TERT, telomerase reverse transcriptase; TTRNA-xALT, total tumor RNA-autologous lymphocyte transfer; WT1, WT1 transcription factor.