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Articles

Social-cultural-psychological perspectives on future word-of-mouth research

社会文化心理学视角下未来口碑效应研究

Pages 166-174 | Received 02 Apr 2017, Accepted 17 Sep 2017, Published online: 14 Mar 2018
 

Abstract

What causes people to create and share WOM (word of mouth)? Many of the previous studies have tried to find answers from message sources (i.e. friends acquaintances or others), communication channel (media mix and social media), and message traits (i.e. credibility, correctness, and referability), to name a few. In particular, previous studies on WOM in marketing context derive much of its thrust from social communication among people who have previously experienced noteworthy events or activities. Previous researchers have also recognized the critical role of WOM in consumers’ purchase decision or product choices. However, the past literature is relatively scant in areas of individual consumer’s sociocultural and psychological conditions that dictate how consumers collect, create, and disseminate information through WOM. Thus, in this review article, we introduce some of the major findings on four areas: prior experiences, social network, cultural influence, and social capital, and provide some critical insights on future research directions. Finally, this essay provides insights for future research based on recent theoretical developments centering on consumers’ motives as principal drivers of WOM.

什么促使了人们创造了口碑(WOM)并将其分享?口碑是指潜在客户或现有客户对产品、服务或公司作出的所有正面及负面陈述。另外,口碑影响了多达50%的购买决策,其销售额是付费广告的二倍。尽管其重要性毋庸置疑,但以前的文献对口碑研究浮于表面,未关注社会、心理及文化影响这些前提条件。过去的许多研究中试图从消息来源(即,朋友、熟人或其他来源)、沟通渠道(媒体组合及社交媒体)及消息特点(即,可信性、正确性及可参考性)找到答案,或是能从中举几个例子出来。特别是以前经历过一些值得关注的事件或活动的人们,其社会交往给予口碑在营销环境下的前期研究以巨大的推力。以往的研究者们也认可口碑在消费者购买决策或产品选择所起的关键作用。然而,以往的文献缺乏对个人消费者的社会文化条件和心理条件方面的研究,而这两方面决定了消费者如何通过口碑收集、创造和传播信息。因此,本篇综述介绍了四个领域的一些主要表现:先前经验、社交网络、文化影响,社会资本,并为未来研究方向提供重要见解。

消费者心理变量及文化变量是驱动口碑的关键,文献回顾和未来发展方向研究找到的新视角便是探索这两种变量所带来的效用。研究大致表明了考虑消费者心理和社会化需求是预测特定口碑反应的重要因果因素。鉴于消费者心理、文化、社会动机与口碑之间的关系尚未被揭示,研究相对匮乏,未来致力于这一领域的研究需要深入基于消费者自我形象的动机对品牌评价影响的相关研究,包括研究品牌依赖性或消费者-品牌一致性这类潜在的口碑因果因素。此外,还需要做更多的研究,用以扩展这些因素与口碑之间的联系。通过调查内在动机与外在动机的作用,研究人员可以界定出口碑刺激对消费者所带来的不同影响。研究口碑的影响因素还有另一个颇有前景的领域,就是采用定性方法(比如投射法或深度访问)进而研究消费者印象管理和口碑行为之间的关系。

未来,口碑研究可能也需要探讨情境因素或周遭潜在因素的作用比如氛围之于口碑的影响。例如,未来研究可能运用刺激-机体-反应框架来检验商场特征(如内部陈设、背景音乐及便利设施)对消费者的口碑行为是否有所影响。这些外在线索可能会提升消费者满意度,增强消费者对商场实用性的感知度,直接影响消费者的口碑意图。

Acknowledgment

The author is grateful for helpful comments by two anonymous reviewers.

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