Factors associated with COVID-19 vaccination behaviour in Latvian population: cross-sectional study

Figures & data

Table 1. Descriptive statistics.

Demographic variables	n (%)
Age
18–24	106 (8.4)
25–34	176 (18.7)
35–44	200 (19.6)
45–54	183 (19.1)
55–63	166 (17.4)
64–75	186 (16.8)
Gender
Male	470 (48.3)
Female	547 (51.7)
Education level
Primary education	84 (7.9)
Secondary	665 (65.5)
Higher education	268 (26.5)
Marital status
Married or living with a partner	570 (57.4)
Divorced or not living with husband / wife	133 (13.4)
Single	213 (19.8)
Widow	101 (9.4)
Nationality
Latvian	604 (59.0)
Russian	337 (33.5)
Other	76 (7.5)
Employment sector
Public sector (state, municipalities)	172 (17.2)
Private sector	492 (50.0)
Does not work	353 (32.8)
Number of people in the household
One	234 (22.7)
Two	343 (34.1)
Three	225 (22.3)
Four and more	215 (20.9)
Children under 18 years
Yes	347 (34.3)
No	670 (65.7)
Region
Riga	333 (33.4)
Vidzeme	238 (23.5)
Kurzeme	129 (12.4)
Zemgale	172 (17.0)
Latgale	145 (13.7)

Note: N = 1017.

Table 2. Association between demographic variables and COVID-19 vaccination behaviour.

Demographic variables		n	Vaccinated, n (%)	Not vaccinated, n (%)	χ^2	p
Age					12.69 (5)	.026
	18–24	106	44 (41.5)	62 (58.5)
	25–34	176	72 (40.9)	104 (59.1)
	35–44	200	89 (44.5)	111 (55.5)
	45–54	183	99 (54.1)	84 (45.9)
	55–63	166	73 (44.0)	93 (56.0)
	64–75	186	101 (54.3)	85 (45.7)
Gender					9.85 (1)	.001
	Male	470	196 (41.7)	274 (58.3)
	Female	547	282 (51.6)	265 (48.4)
Education level					52.77 (2)	.000
	Primary education	84	28 (33.3)	56 (66.7)
	Secondary	665	274 (41.2)	391 (58.8)
	Higher education	268	176 (65.7)	92 (34.3)

Note: N = 1017.

Table 3. Association between age and psychological factors.

Education level	Percentiles	1. Motive to be vaccinated to be protected from severe illness in case of infection	2. Motive to be vaccinated to promote collective immunity, to protect the immediate family and other people from infection	3. Motive to be vaccinated in order to be able to continue to work and/or study	4. Institutional trust	5. Perceived social support from the immediate family	6. Perceived social support from acquaintances	7. Perceived vulnerability	8. Fear of COVID-19
18–24	P25	3.00	2.00	2.00	3.42	4.00	3.75	3.00	2.00
n = 106	P50	3.00	3.00	3.00	4.71	4.33	4.00	3.00	5.00
	P75	5.00	4.00	4.25	6.03	5.00	4.75	4.00	7.00
25–34	P25	2.00	2.00	2.00	3.28	4.00	3.50	3.00	2.00
n = 176	P50	3.00	3.00	3.00	4.42	4.00	4.00	3.00	5.00
	P75	4.00	4.00	4.00	5.58	5.00	4.50	4.00	7.00
35–44	P25	2.00	2.00	2.00	3.14	4.00	3.50	3.00	3.00
n = 200	P50	3.00	3.00	3.00	4.57	4.00	4.00	3.00	5.00
	P75	4.00	4.00	4.00	5.57	5.00	4.25	4.00	8.00
45–54	P25	2.00	2.00	2.00	3.14	4.00	3.50	3.00	3.00
n = 183	P50	3.00	3.00	3.00	4.57	4.00	4.00	4.00	5.00
	P75	4.00	4.00	4.00	5.57	5.00	4.50	4.00	8.00
55–63	P25	3.00	2.00	1.00	3.42	4.00	3.50	3.00	3.00
n = 166	P50	4.00	3.00	3.00	4.71	4.00	4.00	3.00	6.00
	P75	4.00	4.00	4.00	5.85	5.00	4.13	4.00	8.00
64–75	P25	3.00	2.00	3.00	3.32	4.00	3.25	3.00	2.00
n = 186	P50	4.00	3.00	4.00	4.71	4.00	4.00	3.00	5.00
	P75	5.00	4.00	5.00	5.58	5.00	4.50	4.00	8.00
Chi-Square		11.69*	4.95	34.14***	2.06	3.00	6.42	4.91	55.31

Note: N = 1017.

*p < .050, **p < .010, ***p < .001.

Table 4. Differences between gender and psychological factors.

	Male ( = 470)			Female (n = 547)
	Percentiles
Variables	P25	P50	P75	P25	P50	P75	Mann–Whitney U	p
Motive to be vaccinated to be protected from severe illness in case of infection	2.00	3.00	4.00	3.00	4.00	5.00	113652.50	.001
Motive to be vaccinated to promote collective immunity, to protect the immediate family and other people from infection	2.00	3.00	4.00	2.00	3.00	4.00	117381.50	.014
Motive to be vaccinated in order to be able to continue to work and/or study	2.00	3.00	4.00	2.00	3.00	4.00	121825.000	.156
Institutional trust	3.14	4.42	5.57	3.42	4.71	5.85	117364.00	.019
Perceived social support from the immediate family	4.00	4.00	5.00	4.00	4.00	5.00	101518.50	.000
Perceived social support from acquaintances	3.25	4.00	4.25	3.50	4.00	4.50	116845.00	.012
Perceived vulnerability	3.00	3.00	4.00	3.00	4.00	4.00	121774.00	.125
Fear of COVID-19	2.00	5.00	7.00	3.00	5.00	8.00	96896.00	.000

Table 5. Association between education level and psychological factors.

Education level	Percentiles	1. Motive to be vaccinated to be protected from severe illness in case of infection	2. Motive to be vaccinated to promote collective immunity, to protect the immediate family and other people from infection	3. Motive to be vaccinated in order to be able to continue to work and/or study	4. Institutional trust	5. Perceived social support from the immediate family	6. Perceived social support from acquaintances	7. Perceived vulnerability	8. Fear of COVID-19
Primary education n = 84	P25	2.00	2.00	1.00	3.42	4.00	3.56	3.00	2.00
	P50	3.00	3.00	2.00	4.35	4.00	4.00	3.00	5.00
	P75	4.00	4.00	3.25	5.53	5.00	4.50	4.00	7.00
Secondary n = 665	P25	2.00	2.00	2.00	3.14	4.00	3.50	3.00	3.00
	P50	3.00	3.00	3.00	4.42	4.00	4.00	3.00	5.00
	P75	4.00	4.00	4.00	5.71	5.00	4.25	4.00	8.00
Higher education n = 268	P25	3.00	2.00	2.00	3.46	4.00	3.50	3.00	3.00
	P50	4.00	4.00	3.00	5.00	4.33	4.00	4.00	5.00
	P75	5.00	5.00	4.00	6.14	5.00	4.75	4.00	8.00
Chi-Square		24.37***	24.66***	14.09***	11.30**	4.29	6.41*	9.28**	19.87

Notes: N = 1017.

*p < .050, ** p < .010, *** p < .001.

Table 6. Differences between psychological factors and COVID-19 vaccination behaviour.

	Vaccinated (n = 478)			Not vaccinated (n = 539)
Variables	P25	P50	P75	P25	P50	P75	Mann-Whitney U	p
2. Motive to be vaccinated to be protected from severe illness in case of infection	4.00	4.00	5.00	2.00	3.00	3.00	35430.00	.000
3. Motive to be vaccinated to promote collective immunity, to protect the immediate family and other people from infection	3.75	4.00	5.00	2.00	2.00	3.00	39911.50	.000
4. Motive to be vaccinated in order to be able to continue to work and/or study	2.00	3.00	5.00	1.00	3.00	3.00	88472.00	.000
5. Institutional trust	3.78	5.00	6.28	2.85	4.00	5.28	89750.00	.000
6. Perceived social support from the immediate family	4.00	4.33	5.00	4.00	4.00	5.00	109356.50	.014
7. Perceived social support from acquaintances	3.50	4.00	4.50	3.25	4.00	4.25	114971.00	.003
8. Perceived vulnerability	2.75	3.00	3.50	2.75	3.00	3.50	126368.50	.595
9. Fear of COVID-19	3.00	6.00	8.00	2.00	4.00	7.00	93173.50	.000

Table 7. Association between psychological factors.

Variables	1.	2.	3.	4.	5.	6.	7.	8.
1. Motive to be vaccinated to be protected from severe illness in case of infection	–
2. Motive to be vaccinated to promote collective immunity, to protect the immediate family and other people from infection	.784**	–
3. Motive to be vaccinated in order to be able to continue to work and/or study	.299**	.340**	–
4. Institutional trust	.326**	.290**	.066*	–
5. Perceived social support from the immediate family	.146**	.122*	.009	.182**	–
6. Perceived social support from acquaintances	.104**	.094**	.088*	.105*	.662**	–
7. Perceived vulnerability	.137**	.137**	.062*	.064*	.115**	.091**	–
8. Fear of COVID-19	.275**	.243**	.094**	.178**	.024	.083**	.142**	–

Notes: Spearman's rank correlation coefficient. N = 1017.

*p < .050, ** p < .010, *** p < .001.

Table 8. Association between socio-demographic, psychological factors and COVID-19 vaccination behaviour.

			95.0% Confidence interval for B
Variable	B	S.E.	OR	Lower Bound	Upper Bound	p
Age	–	–	–	–	–	.136
18–24	-.732	.472	.481	.191	1.212	.121
25–34	-.352	.374	.703	.338	1.463	.346
35–44	-.444	.369	.641	.311	1.321	.228
45–54	.081	.363	1.084	.532	2.209	.824
55–63	-.794	.363	.473	.232	.963	.039
64–75 (RC)	–	–	–	–	–	–
Gender	–	–	–	–	–	.815
Male	0.52	0.22	1.053	.682	1.627
Female (RC)	–	–	–	–	–	–
Education level	–	–	–	–	–	.000
Primary education	-.833	.440	.435	.184	1.030	.058
Secondary	−1.267	.268	.282	.167	.476	.000
Higher education (RC)	–	–	–	–	–	–
Motive to be vaccinated to be protected from severe illness in case of infection	1.472	.153	4.357	3.229	5.878	.000
Motive to be vaccinated to promote collective immunity, to protect the immediate family and other people from infection	.943	.129	2.560	1.993	3.311	.000
Motive to be vaccinated in order to be able to continue to work and/or study	.373	.096	1.452	1.203	1.754	.000
Institutional trust	.181	.067	1.198	1.050	1.367	.007
Perceived social support from the immediate family	-.414	.201	.661	.445	.980	.039
Perceived social support from acquaintances	.015	.189	1.015	.701	1.470	.937
Perceived vulnerability	-.209	.119	.811	.643	1.024	.078
Fear of COVID-19	-.027	.042	.973	.896	1.056	.514

RC: reference category; B: unstandardised coefficient; SE: standard error; Exp(B): exponentiated regression coefficient.

Data availability statement

The raw data available: https://doi.org/10.48510/FK2/ZDNPH3.