Figures & data
Figure 1. PLGA polymer structure, PLGA a copolymer of poly lactic acid (PLA) and poly glycolic acid (PGA). X and Y indicate the number of each unit repeats.
Table 1. Various classifications of micro/nanoparticles based on their size in literatures.
Figure 2. Flow diagrams of single (a) and double (b) emulsion solvent evaporation methods. a) Single emulsion solvent evaporation (Oil/Water emulsion) flow diagram. Oil phase (O phase), Oil in water phase (O/W phase), microsphere (MS), b) Double emulsion solvent evaporation (Water/Oil/Water emulsion) flow diagram. Water in oil phase (W/O phase), water in oil in water (W/O/W), microsphere (MS).
Figure 3. Schematic illustration of the single emulsion evaporation method.
Table 2. Advantages and disadvantages of conventional methods, microfluidic approaches and PRINT technology in PLGA particles preparation.
Table 3. Some examples of peptide or protein-loaded PLGA MPs/NPs by encapsulation
Table 4. Some examples of peptide or protein-loaded PLGA MPs/NPs by adsorption.
Table 5. Factors adjusting the hydrolytic degradation rate of PLGA MPs/NPs.
Figure 4. Flow diagram of PLGA polymer related factor affecting on PLGA particle degradation.
Table 6. In vitro and in vivo results of studies using PLGA particle containing different disease's antigens.
Figure 5. Co-delivery of immunepotentiators and antigens in PLGA particles. To enhance the therapeutic efficacy of PLGA particles, different TLR ligands (e.g., CpG, poly(I:C) and MPLA) can be adsorbed, encapsulated or added into soluble form along with antigen-loaded PLGA particles.
Table 7. Co-administration of different immunomodulators and antigen loaded- PLGA particles.
Figure 6. Pathogen-mimicking PLGA particles as vaccine delivery platform. In order to avoid antigen denaturation that can be caused by encapsulation process and preserve the structure and surface chemistry of antigens, they are conjugated to the PEGylated lipid shell of PLGA particles. Lipophilic molecular danger signals such as MPLA and αGC can also be incorporated into the surface of these lipid-enveloped PLGA particles.
Table 8. Examples of surface modified PLGA particles.
Figure 7. Different ways to target PLGA particles to M-cells. The surface of PLGA particles can be grafted with RGD peptide or LTA which are interacted with β1 integrin and α-l-fucose presented in the surface of M-cells, respectively. UEA-1 is another M-cell targeting agent for oral-mucosal vaccine delivery. Using these M cell targeting agent-anchored PLGA particles, the orally administrated antigens loaded in PLGA particles are targeted to M-cells to generate mucosal immunity.
Table 9. Targeting of M-cells using modified PLGA particles.
Figure 8. Schematic presentation of intracellular trafficking of protein/peptide - loaded PLGA particles in antigen presenting cells (mostly dendritic cell). Desired protein can be adsorbed on or encapsulated into PLGA particles, hence due to simplification only protein- adsorbed PLGA particles is shown. PLGA particles are taken up by endocytosis following binding to DC membrane. Antigens delivered by PLGA particles undergo 2 distinct intracellular pathways. In phagosome to cytosol pathway of cross-presentation, PLGA particles escape from the endosome, degrade in cytoplasm, and loaded protein is release gradually, and continue the MHC class I pathway. Secondly, degradation of protein/peptide-loaded PLGA particle happens inside endosome due to its acidic pH, thus the antigenic peptides derived from degradation can be presented via MHC class II pathway. Antigen presenting cells: APC; TCL: T cytotoxic lymphocyte; Th: T-helper lymphocyte.
Figure 9. Schematic illustration of strategies to enhance the therapeutic efficacy of DC-based vaccines via PLGA particles. (a) PLGA particles are linked to specific antibodies against DC receptors (e.g., DEC-205 and CD11c) to target vaccine components which are loaded in these particles specifically to DCs. Therefore, DC maturation and consequently CD8+ activation are occurred. (b) In another strategy, siRNA of suppressive gene can either co-encapsulate in PLGA particles containing antigen or encapsulate in distinct PLGA particle with TLR ligands and co-administer with antigen loaded-PLGA particles. Then, DCs are activated by these PLGA particles and antigen specific immunity is induced.
Table 10. Different strategies for DC targeting of PLGA particles.