A longitudinal study of vaccine hesitancy attitudes and social influence as predictors of COVID-19 vaccine uptake in the US

Figures & data

Table 1. Sociodemographic characteristics of the study population

Characteristic	Received at least one dose (N = 283)	No doses received, June 2021 (N = 161)	Total (N = 444)
Mean Age (sd)	41.65 (11.12)	40.56 (10.69)	41.25 (10.97)
Male Sex, n (%)	125 (44.17)	75 (46.58)	200 (45.05)
Race, n (%)
White	200 (70.7)	114 (70.81)	314 (70.72)
Black	34 (12.01)	26 (16.15)	60 (13.51)
Hispanic	14 (4.95)	11 (6.83)	25 (5.63)
Asian	23 (8.13)	6 (3.73)	29 (6.53)
Other	12 (4.24)	4 (2.48)	16 (3.60)
Education, n (%)
High school or less	24 (8.48)	36 (22.36)	60 (13.51)
Some college	73 (25.80)	52 (32.30)	125 (28.15)
Bachelor’s degree	131 (46.29)	57 (35.40)	188 (42.34)
Graduate egree	55 (19.43)	16 (9.94)	71 (15.99)
Income, n (%)
Less than $35,000	66 (23.40)	48 (29.81)	114 (25.73)
$35,000 - $60,000	77 (27.30)	55 (34.16)	132 (29.80)
$60,000 - $90,000	69 (24.47)	28 (17.39)	97 (21.90)
Over $90,000	70 (24.82)	30 (18.63)	100 (22.57)

Table 2. Spearman’s rank-order correlation matrix

Variable	1	2	3	4	5
1. Concerned that the vaccine will not be effective.
2. Worried about having bad side effects from the vaccine.	0.63
3. Concern that shortcuts have been taken with vaccine development.	0.62	0.70
4. Belief that vaccines will not protect people from new coronavirus strains.	0.51	0.41	0.48
5. My family/friends will discourage me from getting the vaccine.	0.31	0.33	0.39	0.40
6. It’s hard to know who to believe about vaccine safety.	0.56	0.66	0.71	0.45	0.38

All the correlations were statistically significant, p<0.01

Table 3. Multivariable logistic models: Sociodemographic and vaccine hesitancy predictors of COVID-19 vaccine uptake. (N = 431)

Variable	OR	95% CI	aOR	95% CI
Vaccine hesitancy items^ Concerned the vaccine won’t be effective.	0.38	(.24, .57)*	1.17	(.64, 2.15)
Concerned about having bad side effects.	0.19	(.12, .32)*	0.52	(.27, 1.03)
Belief that COVID-19 vaccines won’t protect people from new strains.	0.32	(.20, .49)*	0.71	(.40, 1.27)
Concerned that shortcuts have been taken with vaccine development.	0.17	(0.10, 0.27)*	0.43	(0.23, 0.81)*
Not knowing who to believe about vaccine safety.	0.20	(0.13, 0.32)*	0.51	(0.27, 0.95)*
Social norms
My family/friends discourage me from getting the vaccine.^	0.09	(.02, .29)*	0.26	(.07, .98)*
Demographics
Where would you place yourself on a scale running from “very liberal (7)” to “very conservative (1)”	1.41	(1.26, 1.59)*	1.27	(1.11, 1.47)*
Age in years (continuous)	1.01	(.99, 1.03)	1.01	(.99, 1.04)
Sex (0 = male, 1 = female)	1.10	(.81, 2.84)	1.47	(.86, 2.48)
Race
White	Ref.		Ref.
Black	0.71	(.41, 1.23)	1.14	(.56, 2.27)
Hispanic	0.71	(.31, 1.60)	0.85	(.31, 2.36)
Asian	2.29	(.91, 5.74)	2.31	(.79, 6.72)
Other	1.74	(.55, 5.48)	1.41	(.36, 5.54)
Highest level of education completed. (0 = Less then bachelor’s degree, 1 = Bachelor’s degree or more)	2.31	(1.56, 3.43)*	1.76	(1.08, 2.86)*
Annual income. (0 = less than $60,000, 1 = more than $60,000)	1.72	(1.16, 2.57)*	1.74	(1.06, 2.86)*

^- Responses of strongly disagree, disagree, neither agree or disagree, disagree, strongly disagree

*: p ≤ 0.05

Table 4. Unadjusted and adjusted odds ratios from bivariate and multivariate logistic regression models of predictors of COVID-19 vaccine uptake. (N = 431)

Variable	OR	95% CI	aOR	95% CI
Vaccine Hesitancy Scale
Vaccine Hesitancy Scale (z-Score)	0.30	(.23, .39)*	0.34	(.25, .46)*
Social norms
My family/friends discouraged me from getting the vaccine.	0.08	(.02, .29)*	0.37	(.09, 1.41)
Demographics
Where would you place yourself on a scale running from “very liberal (7)” to “very conservative (1)”	1.41	(1.26, 1.59)*	1.24	(1.07, 1.43)*
Age in years	1.01	(.99, 1.03)	1.02	(.99, 1.04)
Sex (0 = male, 1 = female)	1.10	(.75, 1.63)	1.78	(1.05, 2.99)*
Race
White	Ref.		Ref.
Black	0.71	(.41, 1.23)	0.98	(.49, 1.99)
Hispanic	0.71	(.31, 1.60)	0.79	(.29, 2.17)
Asian	2.29	(.91, 5.74)	2.19	(.73, 6.57)
Other	1.74	(.55, 5.48)	1.46	(.36, 5.94)
Highest level of education completed. (0 = Less then bachelor’s degree, 1 = bachelor’s degree or more)	2.31	(1.56, 3.43)*	1.65	(1.01, 2.72)*
Annual income. (0 = less than $60,000, 1 = more than $60,000)	1.73	(1.16, 2.57)*	1.74	(1.05, 2.89)*

*: p ≤ 0.05.