A longitudinal study of vaccine hesitancy attitudes and social influence as predictors of COVID-19 vaccine uptake in the US

References

• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases. COVID-19 vaccinations in the United States. Atlanta (GA): Office of the Associate Director for Communication, Digital Media Branch, Division of Public Affairs; 2022 [accessed 2022 Jan 29]. https://covid.cdc.gov/covid-data-tracker/#datatracker-home
   Google Scholar
• Johns Hopkins Coronavirus Resource Center, Johns Hopkins University & Medicine. Understanding vaccination progress. Baltimore (MD): Johns Hopkins Medicine Marketing and Communications; 2022 Jan 29 [ accessed 2022 Jan 29].
   Google Scholar
• Holder J. Tracking coronavirus vaccinations around the World. New York Times. 2022 [accessed 2022 Jan 29]. https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2021/world/covid-vaccinations-tracker.html
   Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Vaccination and case trends of COVID-19 in the United States. Atlanta (GA): Office of the Associate Director for Communication, Digital Media Branch, Division of Public Affairs; 2022 Jan 26 [ accessed 2022 Jan 29].
   Google Scholar
• Viswanath K, Bekalu M, Dhawan D, Pinnamaneni R, Lang J, McLoud R. Individual and social determinants of COVID-19 vaccine uptake. BMC Public Health. 2021(21):1. doi:10.1186/s12889-021-10862-1. PMID: 33910558.
   Google Scholar
• Wong MCS, Wong ELY, Huang J, Cheung AWL, Law K, Chong MKC, Ng RWY, Lai CKC, Boon SS, Lau JTF, et al. Acceptance of the COVID-19 vaccine based on the health belief model: A population-based survey in Hong Kong. Vaccine. 2021;39(7):1148–9. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.12.083. PMID: 33461834.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang J, Jing R, Lai X, Zhang H, Lyu Y, Knoll MD, Fang H. Acceptance of COVID-19 vaccination during the COVID-19 pandemic in China. Vaccines. 2020 PMID: 32867224;8(3):482. doi:10.3390/vaccines8030482.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Szilagyi PG, Thomas K, Shah MD, Vizueta N, Cui Y, Vangala S, Kapteyn A. Likelihood of COVID-19 vaccination by subgroups across the US: post-election trends and disparities. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2021;17(10):3262–67. doi:10.1080/21645515.2021.1929695. PMID: 34170793.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruiz JB, Bell RA. Predictors of intention to vaccinate against COVID-19: results of a nationwide survey. Vaccine. 2021;39:7. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.01.010. PMID: 33461833.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hassan W, Kazmi SK, Tahir MJ, Ullah I, Royan HA, Fahriani M, Nainu F, Rosa SGV. Global acceptance and hesitancy of COVID-19 vaccination: A narrative review. Narra J. 2021;1(3):3. doi:10.52225/narra.v1i3.57.
   Google Scholar
• Nguyen LH, Joshi AD, Drew DA, Merino J, Ma W, C-H L, Kwon S, Wang K, Graham MS, Polidori L, et al. Racial and ethnic differences in COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy and uptake. medRxiv [Preprint]. 2021; [accessed 2022 Jan 29]. doi: 10.1101/2021.02.25.21252402. PMID: 33655271.
   Google Scholar
• Wang K, Wong E-Y, Ho K-F, Cheung A-L, Yau P-Y, Dong D, Wong S-S, Yeoh E-K. Change of willingness to accept COVID-19 vaccine and reasons of vaccine hesitancy of working people at different waves of local epidemic in Hong Kong, China: repeated cross-sectional surveys. Vaccines. 2021;9(1):62. doi:10.3390/vaccines9010062. PMID: 33477725.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larson HJ, Jarrett C, Eckersberger E, Smith DMD, Paterson P. Understanding vaccine hesitancy around vaccines and vaccination from a global perspective: A systematic review of published literature, 2007–2012. Vaccine. 2014;32(19):2150–59. PMID: 24598724
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sallam M. COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy worldwide: a concise systematic review of vaccine acceptance rates. Vaccines. 2021;9(2):160. doi:10.3390/vaccines9020160. PMID: 33669441.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Academy of Arts & Sciences. Public trust in vaccines: defining a research agenda. Cambridge (MA): American Academy of Arts & Sciences; 2014.
   Google Scholar
• MacDonald NE, SAGE Working Group on Vaccine Hesitancy. Vaccine hesitancy: Definition, scope and determinants. Vaccine. 2015;33(34):4161–64. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.04.036. PMID: 25896383.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Latkin C, Dayton L, Yi G, Konstantopoulos A, Boodram B. Trust in a COVID-19 vaccine in the U.S.: A social-ecological perspective. Soc Sci Med. 2021;270:113684. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.113684. PMID: 33485008.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thagard P. The cognitive science of COVID-19: acceptance, denial, and belief change. Methods. 2021;195:92–102. doi:10.1016/j.ymeth.2021.03.009. PMID: 33744395.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Redlawsk DP. Hot cognition or cool consideration? Testing the effects of motivated reasoning on political decision making. J Pol. 2002;64(4):1021–44. doi:10.1111/1468-2508.00161.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacDonald NE, Smith J, Appleton M. Risk perception, risk management and safety assessment: what can governments do to increase public confidence in their vaccine system? Biologicals. 2012;40(5):384–88. doi:10.1016/j.biologicals.2011.08.001. PMID: 21993306.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Funk C, Hefferon M, Kennedy B, Johnson C Trust and mistrust in Americans’ views of scientific experts. Pew Research Center Science & Society. 2019; [accessed 2022 Feb 1]. https://www.pewresearch.org/science/2019/08/02/trust-and-mistrust-in-americans-views-of-scientific-experts/.
   Google Scholar
• Vessey I. The effect of information presentation on decision making: a cost-benefit analysis. Inf Manage. 1994;27(2):103–19. doi:10.1016/0378-7206(94)90010-8.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fischhoff B. The realities of risk-cost-benefit analysis. Science. 2015;350(6260):aaa6516. doi:10.1126/science.aaa6516. PMID: 26516286.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ajzen I, Fishbein M. The influence of attitudes on behavior. In: Albarracín D; Johnson B and Zanna M, editors. The handbook of attitudes. Mahwah (NJ): Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers; 2005. pp. 173–221.
   Google Scholar
• Ross MW, McLaws ML. Subjective norms about condoms are better predictors of use and intention to use than attitudes. Health Educ Res. 1992;7(3):335–39. doi:10.1093/her/7.3.335. PMID: 10148741.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Troiano G, Nardi A. Vaccine hesitancy in the era of COVID-19. Public Health. 2021;194:245–51. doi:10.1016/j.puhe.2021.02.025. PMID: 33965796.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sturm T, Albrecht T. ‘Constituent Covid-19 apocalypses: contagious conspiracism, 5G, and viral vaccinations’. Anthropol Med. 2021;28(1):122–39. doi:10.1080/13648470.2020.1833684. PMID: 33233926
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nicholls LAB, Gallant AJ, Cogan N, Rasmussen S, Young D, Williams L. Older adults’ vaccine hesitancy: psychosocial factors associated with influenza, pneumococcal, and shingles vaccine uptake. Vaccine. 2021;39(26):3520–27. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.04.062. PMID: 34023136.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ebrahimi OV, Johnson MS, Ebling S, Amundsen OM, Ø H, Hoffart A, Skjerdingstad N, Johnson SR. Trust, and flawed assumptions: vaccine hesitancy during the COVID-19 pandemic. Front Public Health. 2021;9:700213. doi:10.3389/fpubh.2021.700213. PMID: 34277557.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barello S, Nania T, Dellafiore F, Graffigna G, Caruso R. ‘Vaccine hesitancy’ among university students in Italy during the COVID-19 pandemic. Eur J Epidemiol. 2020;35(8):781–83. doi:10.1007/s10654-020-00670-z. PMID: 32761440.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burke PF, Masters D, Massey G. Enablers and barriers to COVID-19 vaccine uptake: an international study of perceptions and intentions. Vaccine. 2021;39(36):5116–28. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.07.056. PMID: 34340856.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stout ME, Christy SM, Winger JG, Vadaparampil ST, Mosher CE. Self-Efficacy and HPV vaccine attitudes mediate the relationship between social norms and intentions to receive the HPV vaccine among college students. J Community Health. 2020;45(6):1187–95. doi:10.1007/s10900-020-00837-5. PMID: 32418009.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xiao X, Borah PDNM. Examining norm-based messages in HPV vaccination promotion. Health Commun. 2021;36(12):1476–84. PMID: 32452218. doi:10.1080/10410236.2020.1770506.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Visser R, Waites L, Parikh C, Lawrie A. The importance of social norms for uptake of catch-up human papillomavirus vaccination in young women. Sex Health. 2011;8(3):330–37. doi:10.1071/SH10155. PMID: 21851772.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graupensperger S, Abdallah DA, Lee CM. Social norms and vaccine uptake: College students’ COVID vaccination intentions, attitudes, and estimated peer norms and comparisons with influenza vaccine. Vaccine. 2021;39(15):2060–67. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.03.018. PMID: 33741191.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Young SD, Goldstein NJ. Applying social norms interventions to increase adherence to COVID-19 prevention and control guidelines. Prev Med. 2021;145:106424. doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2021.106424. PMID: 33440191.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agranov M, Elliott M, Ortoleva P. The importance of social norms against strategic effects: the case of Covid-19 vaccine uptake. Econ Lett. 2021;206:109979. doi:10.1016/j.econlet.2021.109979. PMID: 34230727; PMCID: PMC8252706.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruggieri S, Ingoglia S, Bonfanti RC, Lo Coco G. The role of online social comparison as a protective factor for psychological wellbeing: A longitudinal study during the COVID-19 quarantine. Pers Individ Dif. 2021;171:110486. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2020.110486. PMID: 33169042.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor SE, Buunk BP, Aspinwall LG. Social comparison, stress, and coping. Pers Soc Psychol Bull. 1990;16(1):74–89. doi:10.1177/0146167290161006.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gust DA, Strine TW, Maurice E, Smith P, Yusuf H, Wilkinson M, Battaglia M, Wright R, Schwartz B. Underimmunization among children: effects of vaccine safety concerns on immunization status. Pediatrics. 2004;114(1):e16–22. doi:10.1542/peds.114.1.e16. PMID: 15231968.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Radisic G, Chapman J, Flight I, Wilson C. Factors associated with parents’ attitudes to the HPV vaccination of their adolescent sons: a systematic review. Prev Med. 2017;95:26–37. doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2016.11.019. PMID: 27932052.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yaqub O, Castle-Clarke S, Sevdalis N, Chataway J. Attitudes to vaccination: a critical review. Soc Sci Med. 2014;112:1–11. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2014.04.018. PMID: 24788111.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gidengil C, Chen C, Parker AM, Nowak S, Matthews L. Beliefs around childhood vaccines in the United States: A systematic review. Vaccine. 2019;37(45):6793–802. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.08.068. PMID: 31562000.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karafillakis E, Simas C, Jarrett C, Verger P, Peretti-Watel P, Dib F, De Angelis S, Takacs J, Ali KA, Pastore Celentano L, et al. HPV vaccination in a context of public mistrust and uncertainty: a systematic literature review of determinants of HPV vaccine hesitancy in Europe. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2019;15(7–8):1615–27. doi:10.1080/21645515.2018.1564436. PMID: 30633623.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmid P, Rauber D, Betsch C, Lidolt G, Denker ML, Cowling BJ. Barriers of influenza vaccination intention and behavior – a systematic review of influenza vaccine hesitancy, 2005 – 2016. PLoS One. 2017;12(1):e0170550. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0170550. PMID: 28125629.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dubé E, Gagnon D, MacDonald N, Bocquier A, Peretti-Watel P, Verger P. Underlying factors impacting vaccine hesitancy in high income countries: a review of qualitative studies. Expert Rev Vaccines. 2018;17(11):989–1004. doi:10.1080/14760584.2018.1541406. PMID: 30359151.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, Medicine H, Division M; Board on global health; Forum on microbial threats. Vaccine Access and Hesitancy: Part One of a Workshop Series: Proceedings of a Workshop—in Brief; Buckley G, editor. Washington (DC): National Academies Press; 2020. PMID: 32816420.
   Google Scholar
• Xiao X, Wong RM. Vaccine hesitancy and perceived behavioral control: A meta-analysis. Vaccine. 2020;38(33):5131–38. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.04.076. PMID: 32409135.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Latkin CA, Dayton L, Moran M, Strickland JC, Collins K. Behavioral and psychosocial factors associated with COVID-19 skepticism in the United States. Curr Psychol. 2021; 1–9. doi:10.1007/s12144-020-01211-3. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 33424206.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Latkin CA, Dayton L, Strickland JC, Colon B, Rimal R, Boodram B. An assessment of the rapid decline of trust in US sources of public information about COVID-19. J Health Commun. 2020;25(10):764–73. doi:10.1080/10810730.2020.1865487. PMID: 33719879.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Créquit P, Mansouri G, Benchoufi M, Vivot A, Ravaud P. Mapping of crowdsourcing in health: systematic review. J Med Internet Res. 2018;20(5):e187. doi:10.2196/jmir.9330. PMID: 29764795.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chandler J, Shapiro D. Conducting clinical research using crowdsourced convenience samples. Annu Rev Clin Psychol. 2016;12(1):53–81. doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-021815-093623. PMID: 26772208.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huff C, Tingley D. “Who are these people?” Evaluating the demographic characteristics and political preferences of MTurk survey respondents. Res Politics. 2015;2(3):205316801560464. doi:10.1177/2053168015604648.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Young J, Young KM. Don’t get lost in the crowd: best practices for using Amazon’s mechanical turk in behavioral research. Jmwais. 2019;2019:2. doi:10.17705/3jmwa.000050.
   Google Scholar
• Strickland JC, Stoops WW. The use of crowdsourcing in addiction science research: Amazon Mechanical Turk. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol. 2019;27(1):1–18. doi:10.1037/pha0000235. PMID: 30489114.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moss AJ, Rosenzweig C, Robinson J, Litman L. Demographic stability on Mechanical Turk despite COVID-19. Trends Cogn Sci. 2020;24(9):678–80. doi:10.1016/j.tics.2020.05.014. PMID: 32553445.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rouse SV. A reliability analysis of Mechanical Turk data. Comput Human Behav. 2015;43:304–07. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2014.11.004.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anthes E, Ngo M, Sullivan E. Adults in all U.S. states are now eligible for vaccination, hitting Biden’s target. Half have had at least one dose. The New York Times; 2021 Apr 19; [accessed 2022 Jan 29]. https://www.nytimes.com/2021/04/19/world/adults-eligible-covid-vaccine.html
   Google Scholar
• Bursac Z, Gauss CH, Williams DK, Hosmer DW. Purposeful selection of variables in logistic regression. Source Code Biol Med. 2008;3(1):17. doi:10.1186/1751-0473-3-17. PMID: 19087314.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mickey RM, Greenland S. The impact of confounder selection criteria on effect estimation. Am J Epidemiol. 1989;129(1):125–37. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a115101. PMID: 34525110.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalam MA, Davis TP Jr, Shano S, Uddin MN, Islam MA, Kanwagi R, Islam A, Hassan MM, Larson HJ. Exploring the behavioral determinants of COVID-19 vaccine acceptance among an urban population in Bangladesh: implications for behavior change interventions. PLoS One. 2021;16(8):e0256496. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0256496. PMID: 34424913.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malik A, Malik J, Ishaq U. Acceptance of COVID-19 vaccine in Pakistan among health care workers. PLoS One. 2021;16(9):e0257237.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0257237. PMID: 34525110.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quinn SC, Jamison AM, An J, Hancock GR, Freimuth VS. Measuring vaccine hesitancy, confidence, trust and flu vaccine uptake: results of a national survey of White and African American adults. Vaccine. 2019 Epub 2019 Jan 29.;37(9):1168–73. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.01.033. PMID: 30709722.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lazarus JV, Ratzan SC, Palayew A, Gostin LO, Larson HJ, Rabin K, Kimball S, El-Mohandes A. A global survey of potential acceptance of a COVID-19 vaccine. Nat Med. 2021;27(2):225–28. doi:10.1038/s41591-020-1124-9. PMID: 33082575.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McMurry R, Lenehan P, Awasthi S, Silvert E, Puranik A, Pawlowski C, Venkatakrishnan AJ, Anand P, Agarwal V, O’-Horo JC, et al. Real-Time analysis of a mass vaccination effort confirms the safety of FDA-authorized mRNA COVID-19 vaccines. Med (NY). 2021;2(8):965–78.e5. doi:10.1016/j.medj.2021.06.006. PMID: 34230920.
   Google Scholar
• Chen M, Yuan Y, Zhou Y, Deng Z, Zhao J, Feng F, Zou H, Sun C. Safety of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Infect Dis Poverty. 2021;10(1):94. doi:10.1186/s40249-021-00878-5. PMID: 34225791.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christie A, Brooks JT, Hicks LA, Sauber-Schatz EK, Yoder JS, Honein MA. CDC COVID-19 response Team. Guidance for implementing COVID-19 prevention strategies in the context of varying community transmission levels and vaccination coverage. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2021;70(30):1044–47. doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm7030e2. PMID: 34324480.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berg MB, Lin L. Predictors of COVID-19 vaccine intentions in the United States: the role of psychosocial health constructs and demographic factors. Transl Behav Med. 2021;11(9):1782–88. doi:10.1093/tbm/ibab102. PMID: 34293163.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDougle L, Hewlett D Jr, Hutchins SS, Hood RG, Butler LM, Lang LK, Brooks OT, Caine VA, Whitley-Williams PN. Serving as trusted messengers about COVID-19 vaccines and therapeutics. J Natl Med Assoc. 2021;113(1):6–7. doi:10.1016/j.jnma.2021.01.003. PMID: 33583497.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Privor-Dumm L, King T. Community-Based strategies to engage Pastors can help address vaccine hesitancy and health disparities in Black communities. J Health Commun. 2020;25(10):827–30. doi:10.1080/10810730.2021.1873463. PMID: 33719889.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horne Z, Powell D, Hummel JE, Holyoak KJ. Countering antivaccination attitudes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2015 ;112(33):10321–24. Epub 2015 Aug 3. doi:10.1073/pnas.1504019112.PMID: 26240325; PMCID: PMC4547299.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Betsch C, Sachse K. Debunking vaccination myths: strong risk negations can increase perceived vaccination risks. Health Psychol. 2013;32(2):146–55. doi:10.1037/a0027387. PMID: 22409264.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nyhan B, Reifler J, Richey S, Freed GL. Effective messages in vaccine promotion: a randomized trial. Pediatrics. 2014;133(4):e835–42. doi:10.1542/peds.2013-2365. PMID: 24590751.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar