Plant microbe based remediation approaches in dye removal: A review

Figures & data

Figure 1. Summary of research papers published between 2000 to 2021 on dye bioremediation.

Table 1. Natural dyes obtained from Plant and Animal

Source	Natural Dyes	Derived from	Colorant	Chemical Structure	Application
Plant	Alkannin	Alkanna tinctoria	Purple		Cosmetics, soaps and pigments.
Plant	Brazilin	Caesalpinia echinata Caesalpinia sappan	Bright red		Cotton, wool
Plant	Rhamnetin	Rhamnus petiolaris Bois	Yellow to green organic colorant		Textile industry
Plant	Quercetin	R.cartharticus	Bright yellow		Textile industry
Plant	Chamomile	Anthemis tinctoria	Dark yellow		Textile industry
Plant	Chestnut	Castanea sativa	Brown		Textile industry
Plant	Cutch	Acacia catechu	Reddish brown		All Dyeing Industries
Animal	Cochineal	Dactylopius coccus	Red		Food and in lipstick
Animal	Lac	Kerria lacca	Bright red		Textile industries
Animal	Tyrian	Chicoreus palmarosae	Reddish-purple		Textile industries
Animal	Sepia	Sepia apama	Reddish-brown		Pigment in Writing, Art and Cosmetics

Figure 2. Methods in Dye treatment in Industries.

Figure 3. Textile dyes classification according to their structure °.

Figure 4. Classification of Bioremediation.

Table 2. Plant in remediation of dyes

Plant	Dyes	Structure and formula weight	Mechanism			Reference
T. erecta L. T. ammi L H. rosa-sinensis L C. indicum L B.fedtschenkoi C. roseus L	Triarylmethane dye		80% Efficiency in removing MB and CR dyes from inorganic dye			[Navjeet Kaur 2021.]
C. sativa L	Benzo α pyrene and chrysene			These species remove hazardous hydrocarbons from effluents dumped region producing a high microbial activity	[Campbell S, et al. (2006), Sanjeev Kumar 2017]
Glandularia pulchella	3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid, n-propanol			Improved degradation of tyrosinase, and 2,6-DCIP reductase	[Kabra, A.N 2011]
T. flagelliforme	Reactive Red 2 Methyl Orange			Potential species for the removal of Phenol, indophenol reductase	[Kagalkar, A.N 2010]
Aster amellus	Remazol Red RB-133			Improvement in the activity of oxidase, myeloperoxidase, veratryl methanol monoxide & methylene reductase.	[Khandare, R.V. 2011a]
Petunia grandiflora and Gaillardia grandiflora	Brilliant Blue G			Laccase, Veratryl alcohol oxidase tyrosinase, and lignin activity were determined	[Watharkar, A. et al. 2014]
Nopalea cochenillifera	Reactive Red 141			Removal of 2,6- DCPIP reductase	[Adki, V.S 2012]
Cucurbita pepo	Direct Yellow DY106			Extracted peroxidase	[Boucherit, N et al. 2013]
Portulaca grandiflora	Reactive Blue 172			Increased activity of lignin oxidase, tyrosinase and DCPIP reductase	Khandare, R.V et al. 2011a
Eucalyptus sheathiana	Basic Violet 10			Achieved maximum adsorption level	Kooh, M.R.R 2016
T. ivorensis	Direct Red 28			Maximum adsorption of MB and CR	Babalola, J. O., et al. 2016
Thymus vulgaris L, Rosmarinus officinalis L	Allura red AC			peroxidase activity	Zheng, Z., et al. (2000)
Prescaria barbata	Reactive black 5			50% dye removed in the adsorption	Saba, B., et al. 2015
Blumea malcolmii Hook	Malachite Green			Decrease in the BOD, COD and ADMI values	Anuradha N. Kagalkar et al. 2011

Table 3. Plant Microbe synergism in remediation of dyes

Plant/Microbe synergism	Dyes	Structure and formula weight	Mechanism	Reference
P. grandiflora and P. putida	Direct Red 81		Root help in adsorption of 2,6-DCIP reductase	[Khandare, R.V., 2013]
P. grandiflora with B. pumilus	Reactive Blue 19		98% sorbent rate of flavin reductase activity

Table 4. Macrophytes in remediation of dyes

Plant/Microbe synergism	Dyes	Structure and formula weight	Mechanism	Reference
Sargassum glaucescens, Stoechospermum marginatum	Naphthol Blue Black		Amine groups help in binding the dye	[Daneshvar, E et al. (2012)]
Gracilaria verrucosa	Phenoxyalkanoic acid		The biosorbent strength was determined to be 22.3 mg/g	[Garge MS (2012)]
Cyanobacteria and N. limckia HA 46	Reactive Red 198		At pH 2, the biomass had a maximal sorption capacity of 94%.
Chlorella vulgaris	yellow 2 G		63–69% of the dark color were removed from azo dye	Aravindhan R, et al. (2007)
Chlorella vulgaris	Ramazol golden yellow RNL (Reactive Orange 107)		For all dyes, the obtaining maximum optimal absorption capacity is at a pH of 2.0	Aksu Z, et al. (2003)
Anabaena hydrophila	Reactive Blue 5		The optimum dye degradation effect was recorded at pH range of 6–9 and varied dye concentrations (5–50 mg/L)	Ogugbue, C.J., (2012)

Table 5. Fungi used in remediation of dyes

Plant/Microbe synergism	Dyes	Structure and formula weight	Mechanism		Reference
T. polyzona	Bisphenol Bromophenol Blue		Root help in adsorption of 2,6-DCIP Reductase Rapidly oxidized bisphenol		Chairin, T (2013)
A. bisporus T. orientalis	Reactive blue 49		Combined adsorption capacity was 72.86mgg− 1	[Akar, S.T et al. (2009a)]
Rhizopus arrhizus	Direct Yellow 86		Metal-complex dye biosorbed by 85.4-mg dye g − 1	Aksu, Z., et al. (2010)
Aspergillus fumigatus	Methylene blue			Kalyani, P., et al. (2017)
Aspergillus fumigatusXC6	Reactive Yellow 3		While nourished with 1% sucrose, the strain destrain the discharge at initial pH	Xian-Chun Jin. et al. (2007)
Phanerochaete chrysosporium	4-Nitrotoluene		Capability of partly or effectively degrading recalcitrant organic contaminants	Barr D. P et al. (1994)
Trametes versicolor	Indigo carmine		Laccase was the enzyme responsible for dye degradation	Wong, Y. (1999)

Table 6. Bacteria/ Bacteria Consortium used in the remediation of dyes

Plant/Microbe synergism	Dyes	Structure and formula weight	Mechanism	Reference
A. caviae, P.mirabilis R. globerulus	Acid Orange 7		Even at 200 mg/l, 90 percent decolorization may be accomplished after 16 hours	[Joshi T, et al. (2008)]
Bacillus gordonae, Bacillus benzeovorans, Pseudomonas putida	Acid Blue 277 (Tectilon Blue)		Dye degradation is accurately simulated during a 24-hour at a response rate of 200–1000 mg/l	[Walker et al. (2000)]
B. subtilis E. coli Azotobacter Providencia sp. SRS82	Acid Black 210		Under optimized conditions, 100 mg/L dye degrades in 90 minutes	Agrawal et al. (2014)
P. polymyxa Bacillus polymyxa Micrococcus luteus	Reactive Violet 5 R		Within 37 hours, it demonstrated a 94 percent decolorization ability in alkaline pH	Moosvi, S et al. (2005)
Alcaligenes faecalis, Sphingomonassp. Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus thuringiensis	Direct Blue-15		Most capable of decolorizing at alkaline pH at 30°C	Kumar K (2009)
Proteus vulgaris Micrococcus glutamicus	Scarlet R		After 3 hours, a decrease of over 90% in TOC and COD	Saratale RG et al. (2009)
Bacteroidetes Firmicutes			The CODCr elimination rate, the BOD5/CODCr value, and the synthesis of volatile fatty acids (VFAs) all were almost 95% successful	Liu, N., et al. (2016)
Bacillus thuringiensis SRDD	Acid Red 119		Exhibited decolorisation up to 1000 ppm of AR-119 dye after 7 days of observation	Dave SR, Dave RH (2009)
P.aeruginosa NGKCTS	Reactive R111		Within 5.5 hours, 91 percent of 300 ppm dye was decolorized across a wide pH range	Sheth, N.T., et al. (2009)
Sphingomonas herbicidovorans FL	Bromaminic Acid		98% within 24 h even for the initial concentration greater than 1000 mg l-1	Fan L et al. (2008)
Pseudomonas sp. strain DY1	Acid Black 172		Adsorption of dyes reached a maximum of 2.98 mmol/g biomass	Du LN, et al. (2012)
Pseudomonas aeruginosa 23N1	orange 16 Reactive red 21		Exhibit satisfactory ADMI reduction	Mishra, S., et al. (2020)
Citrobacteria CK3	Reactive red 180		Decoloration (96%)	Wang (2009)
Klebsiella strain Bz4	Brilliant Green dye		Following 24 hours of treatment, 81.14 percent of the dye has been removed, and after 96 hours, 100 percent of the dyes were removed	Zabłocka-Godlewska, et al. (2015)
Salinivibrio kushneri HTSP	Coomassie brilliant blue (CBB)		After 48 hours, over 80% of dye removal was seen	John J, et al. (2020)
Halomonas elongate Shewanella oneidensis MR-1	Methyl red		Methyl red has a specific outcome of 0.27 mol min1 mg1	Eslami (2016); Cao (2017)

Figure 5. Protocol to be followed to achieve remarkable dye biodegradation.