Genetic modifications associated with sustainability aspects for sustainable developments

Figures & data

Figure 1. Contribution of genetically engineered crops for sustainability.

Figure 2. Regulation, environment and health impacts of GMs crops.

Table 1. Genetic modification application for abiotic stress

S. No.	Trait groups	Targets	Plant species	Approaches	References
1.	Abiotic stress	Drought tolerance	Maize	CRISPR/Cas9	[24]
2.	Abiotic stress	Thermotolerance	Cattle	CRISPR/Cas9	25
]3.	Abiotic stress	Drought tolerance	Rice	CRISPR/Cas9, CRISPR/Cpf1	26,27
4.	Abiotic stress	Early flowering	Rice	CRISPR/Cas9	28
5.	Abiotic stress	Salt tolerance	Rice	CRISPR/Cas9	29
6.	Abiotic stress	Semi-dwarfed	Banana	CRISPR/Cas9	30

Table 2. Genetic modification applications for disease tolerance

Trait groups	Targets	Plant species	Approaches	References
Broad-spectrum	Disease	Barley	CRISPR/Cas9	48
Resistance to phytophthora	Disease	Cacao	CRISPR/Cas9	49
Potato virus Y	Disease	Potato	CRISPR/Cas9	50,51
Bacterial blight resistance	Disease	Rice	CRISPR/Cas9	52, 53
Bacterial blight	Disease	Rice	TALENs	54
Bacterial blight	Disease	Rice	CRISPR/Cas9	55
Powdery mildew	Disease	Wheat	CRISPR/Cas9; TALENS	56
Mastitis	Disease	Cattle	ZFN	57, 58
Bacterial speck	Disease	Tomato	CRISPR/Cas9	59,60
Banana streak	Disease	Banana	CRISPR/Cas9	61
Broad-spectrum	Disease	Barley	CRISPR/Cas9	48
Resistance to phytopthora	Disease	Cacao	CRISPR/Cas9	49, 62

Table 3. Genetic modification applications for nutrients

Trait group	Targets	Plant species	Approaches	References
Nutrition	Reduced starch	Cassava	CRISPR/Cas9	63, 64
	Reduced phytate levels	Maize	ZFN	65
	Reduced phytic acid	Maize	TALENs, CRISPR/Cas9	66
	Increased oleic acid content	Peanut	TALENs	67
	Reduced starch	Potato	CRISPR/Cas9	68–72
	Prevented cadmium uptake	Rice	CRISPR/Cas9	73
	Increased carotenoids	Rice	CRISPR/Cas9	74
	Low gluten wheat for reduced allergenicity Alpha-gliadin array	Wheat	CRISPR/Cas9	75
	Increased beta-carotene	Banana	CRISPR/Cas9	76
	Reductions of linoleic acid and linolenic acid	Brassica napus	CRISPR/Cas9	77
	Increased oleic acid content	Camelina sativa	CRISPR/Cas9	78

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