Adapting established instruments to build useful food sovereignty indicators

Figures & data

Figure 1. Research phases for the development of indicators at the international and local (Catalan) level. Each shape represents a step in the process of indicators development.

Figure 2. Pyramidal structure of the international indicators.

Table 1. Categories, subcategories and indicators for FSv at the international level.

Categories and subcategories	Indicators
Access to resources
Infrastructures and basic services	Index of rural access	Rural household access to electricity
	Population with access to improved sanitation	Total enrollment ratio in primary education
Access to land, forestry and fisheries	Agricultural land	GINI index of land ownership
	Total arable land
Access to animals	Livestock (total)	Livestock per capita rural
	Livestock per hectares of agricultural land	Beasts of burden per hectare of agricultural land
	Small farm animals per rural capita
Access to water and water systems	Rural population with sustainable access to an improved water source	Irrigated land area
	Children less than five years old who receive diarrhea treatment	Area equipped for irrigation as % of cultivated area
	Renewable internal freshwater resources per capita	Area equipped for irrigation as % of irrigation potential
		Agricultural water managed area
Access to industrial equipment	Number of agricultural tractors	Number of milking machines
		Number of tractors per ha of arable land
	Number of harvesters–threshers
Access to seeds	Share of patented seeds as percentage of total traded seeds	Top 10 Share of Global Proprietary Seed Market
Capital stock	Social capital in agriculture	Share in capital stock (%) livestock
	Share in capital stock (%) land	Share in capital stock (%) structure
	Share in capital stock (%) machinery
Access to financial services
Production model
Agricultural population and employment	Rural population	Share of women employed in the non
	Agricultural population	agricultural sector
	Population active in agriculture	Child employment in agriculture
Land crops	Permanent crops	Forest area
	Pastures	Area waterlogged
Production	Cereal production	Fish production
	Meat production	Forest harvest rate
	Fruits and vegetables production excluding melons	Cereal yield
Agricultural inputs	Pesticides intensity	Fertilizers use intensity
	Agricultural water withdrawal as % of total renewable water resources	Other seed treatments – fungicides and insecticides
	Market share of the 10 world top fertilizers firms	Market share of the 10 world top pesticides firms
Emissions and degradation of the natural basis of production	Water pollution, food industry	Land degradation: severity of agriculture degradation
	Water pollution, paper and pulp industry	Area salinized by irrigation
	Marine trophic index
	Natural forest extent
Economy	Rural population below the poverty line	Food production index per capita
	Agriculture, value added	Agricultural products production index per capita
	Agriculture, net per capita	Livestock, net per capita
	Food, net per capita
Agricultural biodiversity	Number of livestock breeds at risk	Number of species at risk by international trade
	Number of livestock breeds by country
Sustainable and agroecological production	Conservation agriculture area as % of cultivated area	Land under organic management as percentage of total agricultural land
	Organic producers by country	Forest Stewardship Council certified forest area
	Ecological fishprint
Transformation and trade
International trade
	Agricultural raw materials exports	Food exports
	Agricultural raw material imports	Food imports
	Fishery exports	Forestry exports
	Fishery imports	Forestry imports
Agricultural producers prices	Producer price for the five most important products of the country
Production and manufacturing	Food, beverages and tobacco (% of value added in manufacturing)	Percentage of food manufacture of the three most important products in terms of production for the country
Role in the global agricultural market	Export concentration (% of the total value of exports of the country that is covered by the three most important agricultural exportation products)	Percentage of the global cereal production
		Percentage of the global meat production
		Percentage of the global fish production
Final distribution structure	Market share of the 10 world top food retailers firms on groceries
Local production and commercialization
Food consumption and right to food
Food vulnerability	Prevalence of undernourishment in total population	Prevalence of underweight children
	Intensity in food deprivation	Gini coefficient for food consumption (dietary energy consumption)
Food consumption and nutritional quality	Food consumption per capita and day	Dietary protein consumption
	Dietary energy consumption	Dietary fat consumption
Dietary consumption	Diet diversification index. Dietary energy	Diet diversification index. Dietary fat
	Diet diversification index. Dietary protein
Food effort	Food, tobacco as percentage of household consumption expenditure	Consumer price index. Food
Foreign dependence in food consumption	Percentage of the cereal imports volume in comparison with national production	Percentage of the cereal exports volume in comparison with national production
	Percentage of the meat imports volume in comparison with national production	Percentage of the meat exports volume in comparison with national production
	Percentage of the fish imports volume in comparison with national production	Percentage of the fish exports volume in comparison with national production
Culturally appropriate food	Share of food aid in total consumption
Agricultural policies and CSO
Government spending	Government spending on agriculture international	Government spending on agriculture
	Public R&D spending on agriculture	Government spending on the fishery sector
Government spending distribution of agricultural resources	Total support estimate	Producer support estimate
	Consumer support estimate	General services support Estimate
Official development assistance (ODA) to agriculture	ODA to agriculture	ODA received or donned on agriculture as a donation
	ODA received or donated for land reform
Tariffs on international trade of agricultural products	Agricultural products, final bound simple average	MFN (most-favored-nation) tariff, simple average of import duties for agricultural goods
	Trade weighted average tariffs for agricultural products
Small and medium-size peasant participation in decision-making
Peasant social organization
Human rights and peasant migrations

Note: Text in italics are the subcategories for which no indicator was solid enough

Table 2. Categories, subcategories and indicators for FSv at the local (Catalan) level.

Categories and subcategories	Indicators
Access to resources
Popular control of the agri-food system	Distribution of cultivated land with respect to farms’ dimensions (total agricultural surface and total surface, period 1982–2007)
	Distribution of cultivated land with respect to the type of land ownership (period 1982–2007)
	Land price (€/ha and €/type of crop)
	Existence of seed exchange agroecological projects (*)
	Direct payments in the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) (millions of €)
	Comparison of list of CAP direct payment receptors with the number of active farmers
	Comparison of agricultural rent according to the volume of subsidies received and the total number of receptors (as for 2009)
	Irrigation water price (€/ha)
	Virtual water
	Water consumption in different types of production (including agrofuels)
Production model
Production diversity at the regional level	Distribution of the main crops (Ha and geographical distribution of the main crops produced in Catalonia)
Live and productive rural environment	Number of students in agronomic, forestry, veterinarian and food sciences studies
	Number of hectares of protected agricultural land
	Number of hectares of marine protected areas
	Farm income and gross added value of agriculture (€)
	Number of men and women employed in the primary sector
	Percentage of producers in the agri-food sector/industry
	Aging index of the agrarian population
	Food expense in households (% of expenditure)
Agroecological production	Volume of the organic agricultural production (Tm)
	Distribution of the main organic crops (ha and geographical distribution)
	Size of organic farms (Ha)
	Production and consumption of genetically modified organisms (Tm)
	Sales of phytosanitary products (Tm)
	Number of heads of extensive livestock breeds
	Number of heads of native livestock breeds
	Number of companies of organic nurseries Number of artisan fishing boats in relation to industrial fishing boats
	Volume of total fish captures associated to different boats categories (artisan and industrial) (Tm)
	Number/production of fish farms
	Number of initiatives to regain traditional peasant's knowledge
	Energetic consumption of the agri-food system (MJ/ha)
	Energy balance of different production and distribution channels (energy return on investment)
	Application of renewable energy systems in the production of food
Agri-food packaging	Volume of food packaging (Tm)
	Volume of phytosanitary products packaging (Tm)
	Plastic consumption in agriculture (Tm)
Production diversity at the regional level	Distribution of the main crops (Ha and geographical distribution of the main crops produced in Catalonia)
Transformation and trade
Short and local distribution channels	Trade balance of agri-food products (imports/exports, Tm)
	Trade balance of organic food products (imports/exports, Tm)
	Trade balance of fresh fruit (imports/exports, Tm)
	Food market share by type of establishment (% of sale share per size of establishment)
	Place of origin of the fish distributed in Mercabarna (Barcelona's wholesale market)
	Number of community supported agriculture initiatives
Fair and transparent commercial relationships	Food prices margin origin-destination
	Concentration in the food distribution sector (% market share)
	Importance of fair trade projects with the global South
Food consumption and right to food
Culturally appropriate food	Consumption of foreign and unhealthy processed food (kg/person/year)
	Consumption of fast food outside home (kg/person/year)
	Consumption of novel functional food (kg/person/year)
Healthy and balanced diet	Degree of compliance with the nutritional objectives
	Consumption of meat (kg/person/year)
	Consumption of organic food (kg/person/year)
	Degree of phytosanitary residues in food (ppm)
Agricultural policies and CSO
Cooperative and trustful relationships	Quality in the FSv networks (*)
	Number of small agroecological peasant organizations
	Level of exclusion of migrant people working in agriculture (*)
	Number of initiatives for territorial coordination and articulation
Territorial balance	Land use planning from the perspective of Fsv
Education for FSv	Number of schools with organic meals
	Content of food advertising in Spain (*)
	Evolution of food advertising investments (€/food-related sector; % of food-related advertisements/total advertisement investments)
	Presence of organic production educational content at occupational training schools (number of subjects)
	Presence of organic production educational content at university studies (number of subjects)
	Number of schools with organic garden
Fair gender relationships	Agricultural labor per gender (proportion men/women)
	Political participation of women in the rural and agrarian environment (number of women, proportion of men/women)
	Participation of women in organic agriculture projects (number of women, proportion of men/women)

Note: Text in italics are the subcategories for which no indicator was solid enough.

* Refers to qualitative indicators.