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Articles

Revisiting conquest in classical Swahili war epics

Revisiter la conquete dans les epopees de guerre Swahilis classiques

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Pages 145-161 | Received 17 Mar 2019, Accepted 15 Nov 2019, Published online: 10 Jan 2020
 

Abstract

This article reads two 18th Century classical Swahili epics of war as coded critiques of empire. Here, Empire refers not only to Europe but also the Arab world's conquest histories on the Indian Ocean seaboard. The epics: Mwengo bin Athumani's Chuo cha Tambuka (1728), ‘The Epic of Tabuk’, and Mgeni bin Faqihi's Utenzi wa Rasi’lGhuli (1855), ‘The Epic of Rasi’lGhuli’, are typically read in terms of their religious content and have been deemed apolitical; that they are merely concerned with translating Arabic tales for Islamic spiritual purposes. Through a critical approach, the article asserts that the epics deeply reflect on East African conquests as they are written in the era of Swahili coast conquests by the Portuguese and the Omani Arabs. They portray the oppressed, whose imagined piety is emphasized, appropriating religious authority to launch revolutions against their conquerors. The article demonstrates that the epics are political strategies of liberation from militarily powerful empires bent on consolidation of territory and exploitation. The poetic craft of winding tales of war not only nurtured and sustained the revolutionary spirit, but also reveals the warring atmosphere that defined the Swahili in their efforts to imagine a community in the years of imperial incursions.

Cet article interprète deux épopées de guerres swahilies classiques du 18ème siècle comme des critiques codées de l’empire. Ici, l’empire fait référence non seulement à l’Europe mais aussi aux histoires de conquête du monde arabe. Les épopées: Chuo cha Tambuka (1728) de Mwengo bin Athumani, «l’épopée de Tabuk,» et Utenzi wa Rasi’lGhuli (1855) de Mgeni bin Faqihi, «l’épopée de Rasi’lGhuli», sont généralement vues en termes de leur contenu religieux et ont été considérés comme apolitiques; que les épopées se contentent simplement de traduire des contes arabes à des fins de spiritualité islamique. A travers une approche critique, les articles déclarent que les épopées reflètent profondément les conquêtes de l’Afrique de l’Est. Ces épopées sont écrites à l’aire des conquêtes de la côté swahili par les Portugais et les Arabes Omanais. Ils représentent les opprimés, dont la piété imaginée est mise en avant, et s’appropriant l’autorité religieuse pour lancer des révolutions contre leurs conquéreurs. Ainsi, l’article démontre que les épopées ont des stratégies politiques de libération des puissants empires militaires désirant consolider le territoire et exploiter. L’art poétique de tisser des récits de guerre a nourri et soutenu l’esprit révolutionnaire, mais il révèle aussi l’atmosphère belliqueuse définissant les Swahilis dans les années de conquête.

Acknowledgement

I am grateful to Patrick Lugwiri Okombo (Makerere University) for generously allowing me access to his collection of classical Swahili epics and other resourceful sources as well as illuminating information on the same. This paper was presented at the University of Nairobi conference themed “The Role of Literature in a Global World: Enhancing the Teaching of Critical Thinking” held between 24th and 26th Oct 2018.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author.

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