References

• Achebe, Chinua. 2000. Home and Exile. New York: Anchor Books.
   Google Scholar
• Allen, J. W. T. 1971. Tendi: Six Examples of a Swahili Classical Verse Form with Translations & Notes. Nairobi: Heinemann.
   Google Scholar
• Allen, James de Vere. 1993. Swahili Origins: Swahili Culture & the Shungwaya Phenomenon. London: James Currey.
   Google Scholar
• Alpers, Edward A. 1975. Ivory and Slaves: Changing Pattern of International Trade in East Central Africa. Berkeley: University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• Anderson, Benedict. 1983. Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism. Revised. London: Verso.
   Google Scholar
• Arege, Timothy. 2012. “Narration in Swahili Narrative Poetry: An Analysis of Utenzi Wa Rasi’lGhuli.” University of Nairobi.
   Google Scholar
• Ashcroft, Bill, Gareth Griffiths, and Helen Tiffin. 1989. The Empire Writes Back: Theory and Practice in Postcolonial Literatures. 2nd ed. Edited by Bill Ashcroft, Gareth Griffiths, and Helen Tiffin. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Athumani, Mwengo bin. 1728. Utenzi Wa Tambuka. Unpublished Manuscript, Pate.
   Google Scholar
• Babou, Cheikh Anta. 2007. Fighting a Greater Jihad: Amadu Bamba and the Founding of the Muridiyya of Senegal, 1853–1913. Athens: Ohio University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Boxer, C. R. 1960. “The Portuguese on the Swahili Coast 1593–1729.” In Fort Jesus and the Portuguese in Mombasa 1593–1729, edited by Charles Boxer and Carlos de Azevedo, 10–86. London: Hollis & Carter.
   Google Scholar
• Caplan, Pat. 2004. “Introduction.” In Swahili Modernities: Culture, Politics, and Identity on the East Coast of Africa, edited by Pat Caplan, and Farouk Topan, 1–18. Trenton: Africa World Press.
   Google Scholar
• Casco, Jose Artuso Saavedra. 2007. Utenzi, War Poems, and the German Conquest of East Africa: Swahili Poetry as Historical Source. Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press.
   Google Scholar
• Cave, Basil S. 1909. “The End of Slavery in Zanzibar and British East Africa.” Journal of the Royal African Society 9 (33): 20–33.
   Google Scholar
• Chittick, Neville. 1969. “A New Look at the History of Pate.” The Journal of African History 10 (3): 375–391. doi: 10.1017/S0021853700036331
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coupland, Reginald. 1938. East Africa and Its Invaders: From the Earliest Times to the Death of Seyyid Said in 1856. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Du Bois, W. E. B. 2005. The Souls of Black Folk. New York: Pocket Books.
   Google Scholar
• Faqihi, Mgeni bin. 1979. Utenzi Wa Rasi’lghuli. Edited by Leo van Kessel. Dar es Salaam: Tanzania Publishing House.
   Google Scholar
• Graham, Elizabeth, Scott E Simmons, and Christine D White. 2013. “The Spanish Conquest and the Maya Collapse: How ‘Religious’ Is Change?” World Archaeology 45 (1): 161–185. doi:10.1080/00438243.2013.770962.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hendricks, Shaheed. 2017. “Biography of a Vanished Community: South End, Port Elizabeth.” Stellenbosch University.
   Google Scholar
• Jaques, Tony. 2007. Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: A Guide to 8,500 Battles from Antiquity Through the Twenty-First Century. Vol. 2. Westport: Greenwood Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kessel, Leo van. 1973. “Dibaji Ya Mchapishaji.” In Utenzi Wa Rasi’lGhuli, edited by Leo van Kessel, v–viii. Dar es Salaam: Tanzania Publishing House.
   Google Scholar
• Knappert, Jan. 1999. A Survey of Swahili Islamic Epic Sagas. New York: The Edwin Mellen Press.
   Google Scholar
• Lambert, H. E. 1964. “Swahili Poetry by Lyndon Harries.” Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 27 (1): 204–206. doi: 10.1017/S0041977X00100771
   Google Scholar
• Marcus, Laura. 1994. Auto/Biographical Discourses: Theory, Criticism, Practice. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Mazrui, Alamin. 2007. Swahili Beyond the Boundaries: Literature, Language, and Identity. Athens: Ohio University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Mulokozi, M. M. 1999a. “Al-Inkishafi: Utangulizi.” In Tenzi Tatu Za Kale, edited by M. M. Mulokozi, 63–81. Dar es Salaam: Taasisi ya Uchunguzi wa Kiswahili.
   Google Scholar
• Mulokozi, M. M. 1999b. “Utangulizi Wa Jumla.” In Tenzi Tatu Za Kale, edited by M. M. Mulokozi, vi–vx. Dar es Salaam: Taasisi ya Uchunguzi wa Kiswahili.
   Google Scholar
• Mulokozi, M. M. 2001. “Revolution and Reaction in Swahili Poetry.” Utafiti 4 (Special Issue): 105–116. http://pdfproc.lib.msu.edu/?file=/DMC/AfricanJournals/pdfs/Utafiti/s4NS/aejps004NS008.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Mutiso, Kinene wa. 1996. “Archetypal Motifs in Swahili Islamic Poetry: Kasida Ya Burudai.” University of Nairobi.
   Google Scholar
• Nkosi, Lewis. 1981. Tasks and Masks: Themes and Styles of African Literature. Harlow: Longman Group Limited.
   Google Scholar
• Okombo, Patrick Lugwiri L. 2011. “Sitiari, Taashira Na Tashbiha Katika Uwasilishaji Wa Dhamira Katika Utenzi Wa Tambuka: Uhakiki Wa Kimtindo.” University of Nairobi.
   Google Scholar
• P’Bitek, Okot. 1986. Artist the Ruler: Essays on Art, Culture and Values. Nairobi: East African Educational Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• PBS. 2013. Malcom X: Make It Plain. USA: PBS. Accessed February 13, 2017. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3zIGNkR62Mo&t=195s.
   Google Scholar
• Pearson, Michael. 2010. “Connecting the Littorals: Cultural Brokers in the Early Modern Indian Ocean.” In Eyes Across the Water: Navigating the Indian Ocean, edited by Michael Gupta, Pamila Hofmeyr, and Isabel Pearson, 32–43. Pretoria: Unisa Press.
   Google Scholar
• Robert, Shaaban bin. 1966. Pambo la Lugha. Nairobi: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Rettová, Alena. 2010. “Philosophy in Utenzi Metre: Expression of Ideas and Values in Post-Independent Swahili Historiographic Poetry.” Swahili Forum 17 (17): 34–57.
   Google Scholar
• Seul, Jeffrey R. 1999. “‘Ours Is the Way of God’: Religion, Identity, and Intergroup Conflict.” Journal of Peace Research 36 (5): 553–569. http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/0022343399036005004.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shariff, Ibrahim Noor. 1991. “Islam and Secularity in Swahili Literature: An Overview.” In Faces of Islam in African Literature, edited by Kenneth W. Harrow, 37–57. Portsmouth: Heinemann.
   Google Scholar
• Sheriff, Abdul. 1987. Slaves, Spices & Ivory in Zanzibar. London: James Currey.
   Google Scholar
• Sheriff, Abdul, and Vijayalakshmi Teelock. 2016. “Introduction.” In Transition from Salvery in Zanzibar and Mauritius, edited by Abdul Sheriff, Vijayalakshmi Teelock, and Satyendra Peerthum, 1–24. Dakar: CODESRIA Books.
   Google Scholar
• Shitemi, Naomi Luchera. 2010. Ushairi Wa Kiswahili Kabla Ya Karne Ya Ishirini. Eldoret: Moi University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Spaulding, Jay. 1991. “An Historical Context for the Study of Islam in Eastern Africa.” In Faces of Islam in African Literature, edited by Kenneth W. Harrow, 23–36. Portsmouth: Heinemann.
   Google Scholar
• wa Thiong’o, Ngugi. 1981. Writers in Politics. London: Henemann Educational Publishers Ltd.
   Google Scholar
• Wamitila, Kyallo Wadi. 1999. “A Rhetorical Study of Kiswahili Classical Poetry: An Investigation into the Nature and Role of Repetition.” Research in African Literatures 30 (1): 58–73. doi: 10.2979/RAL.1999.30.1.58
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar