Green synthesized selenium nanoparticles using Spermacoce hispida as carrier of s-allyl glutathione: to accomplish hepatoprotective and nephroprotective activity against acetaminophen toxicity

Figures & data

Figure 1 (A) UV-visible spectrum of SAG and SAG-Sh-SeNPs. Representative TEM image of Sh-SeNPs (B) and SAG-Sh-SeNPs (C).

Figure 2 FTIR spectrum of (A) SAG and (B) SAG-Sh-SeNPs.

Table 1. Effect of NPs on the activities of liver-specific functional markers in serum and plasma against.

Groups	Serum						Plasma
	AST ALT ALP GGT LDH Bilirubin						Albumin	Total protein
	IU/L (mg/dl)						(g/dL)
Control	47.28 ± 0.72	35.01 ± 0.09	56.49 ± 1.41	2.23 ± 0.07	108.4 ± 0.48	1.62 ± 0.02	5.2 ± 0.1	7.95 ± 0.05
APAP	100.33 ± 1.6*	100.3 ± 1.6*	102.6 ± 2.3*	7.46 ± 0.26*	194.59 ± 5.7*	6.5 ± 0.4*	2.5 ± 0.4*	3.05 ± 0.05*
Sh-SeNPs	48.35 ± 1.95^#	37 ± 2.88^#	61 ± 1.2^#	2.9 ± 0.57*^#	110 ± 2.6*^#	1.9 ± 0.3^#	4.45 ± 0.35^#	7.55 ± 0.45^#
SAG-Sh-SeNPs	46.14 ± 0.76^#	36.75 ± 0.05^#	57.5 ± 0.4^#	2.4 ± 0.27^#	105.9 ± 1.37^#	1.75 ± 0.05^#	5.05 ± 0.05^#	7.85 ± 0.04^#
APAP + Sh-SeNPs	76.8 ± 0.9*^#	68.8 ± 1.6*^#	70.6 ± 0.55*^#	4.87 ± 0.07*^#	132.6 ± 1.55*^#	3.95 ± 0.15*^#	2.9 ± 0.1^*#	5.65 ± 0.35^*#
APAP + SAG-Sh-SeNPs	54.8 ± 0.3^#	40.45 ± 1.15^#	61.65 ± 0.5^#	3.05 ± 0.05^#	114.3 ± 1.15^#	1.9 ± 0.3^#	4.0 ± 0.1^*#	7.1 ± 0.1^#

APAP-induced liver toxicity in rat. Results are expressed as mean ± SD (n = 4 per group). *p < .05 vs. control, ^#p < .05 vs. APAP.

Table 2. Effect of NPs on the level of kidney-specific functional markers in serum of APAP-induced kidney toxicity in rat.

Groups	Urea	Uric acid	Creatinine
		(mg/dL)
Control	19.0 ± 0.6	4.5 ± 0.5	1.26 ± 0.04
APAP	46.1 ± 3.1*	16.6 ± 0.9*	2.9 ± 0.02*
Sh-SeNPs	18.8 ± 0.9^#	4.3 ± 0.6^#	1.24 ± 0.03^*#
SAG-Sh-SeNPs	20.2 ± 0.2^#	4.7 ± 0.2^#	1.29 ± 0.05^#
APAP + Sh-SeNPs	33.4 ± 0.8^*#	10.4 ± 0.7^#	1.9 ± 0.09^*#
APAP + SAG-Sh-SeNPs	25.2 ± 0.7^#	5.1 ± 0.8^#	1.4 ± 0.02^#

Results are expressed as mean ± SD (n = 4 per group). *p < .05 vs. control, ^#p < .05 vs. APAP.

Figure 3 Effect of Sh-SeNPs and SAG-Sh-SeNPs against APAP toxicity-induced oxidative stress such as ROS generation, NO concentration, and lipid peroxidation in rat liver and kidney. Results are expressed as % variation in comparison to control animals as mean ± SD (n = 4 per group). *p < .05 vs. control; ^#p < .05 vs. APAP treated rat. The 100% value of NBT reduction, NO concentration and MDA concentration corresponds to, liver: 0.344 ± 0.009; kidney: 0.28 ± 0.08 OD at 630 nm/mg tissue, liver: 810 ± 24.52; kidney: 790 ± 21.82 n moles/mg of protein and liver: 0.08 ± 0.003; kidney: 1.01 ± 0.008 n moles/mg of protein, respectively. [

Control;

APAP;

Sh-SeNPs;

SAG-Sh-SeNPs;

Sh-SeNPs + APAP;

SAG-Sh-SeNPs + APAP].

Figure 4 Effect of Sh-SeNPs and SAG-Sh-SeNPs against APAP toxicity-induced decrease in non-enzymatic antioxidants (GSH and vitamin C) and enzymatic antioxidants (SOD, catalase and GPx) in rat liver and kidney. Results are expressed as % variation in comparison to control animals as mean ± SD (n = 4 per group). *p < .05 vs. control; ^#p < .05 vs. APAP treated rat. The 100% value of GSH and vitamin C content corresponds to, liver: 0.574 ± 0.070; kidney: 0.40 ± 0.03 n moles/mg of protein and liver: 7.118 ± 0.144; kidney: 6.75 ± 0.65 µg/mg of protein, respectively. The 100% value of SOD, catalase and GPx activities corresponds to, liver: 2.215 ± 0.158; kidney: 1.75 ± 0.2 U/mg of protein, liver: 0.84 ± 0.08; kidney: 0.52 ± 0.03 kU/mg of protein and liver: 2.529 ± 0.04; kidney: 1.23 ± 0.02 U/mg of protein, respectively. [

Control;

APAP;

Sh-SeNPs;

SAG-Sh-SeNPs;

Sh-SeNPs + APAP;

SAG-Sh-SeNPs + APAP].

Figure 5 Effect of Sh-SeNPs and SAG-Sh-SeNPs against APAP toxicity-induced decrease in mitochondrial complex I (A) and complex III (B) activity in rat liver and kidney. Results are expressed as % variation in comparison to control animals as mean ± SD (n = 4 per group). *p < .05 vs. control; ^#p < .05 vs. APAP treated rat. The 100% value of complex I and complex III activities corresponds to, liver: 0.725 ± 0.101; kidney: 0.55 ± 0.1 µmoles/min/mg of protein and liver: 1.017 ± 0.05; kidney: 0.87 ± 0.04 µmoles/min/mg of protein, respectively. [

Control;

APAP;

Sh-SeNPs;

SAG-Sh-SeNPs;

Sh-SeNPs + APAP;

SAG-Sh-SeNPs + APAP].