Gold nanoparticles and hepatitis B virus

Figures & data

Table 1. Application of various biosensor techniques in detecting HBV.

Detecting target	Biosensor features	Detection limit	Ref.
HBsAg	Nanorods biosensor	0.01 IU/mL	[29]
HBsAb	QCM	0.1 pg/μL	[40]
	SAW	10 pg/μL	[41]
	SPR	10 nmol/L	[42]
HBV DNA	Electrochemical biosensor	7.19 × 10^−9 mol/L	[43]
		2.5 × 10^−6 mol/L	[44]
	QCM	8.6 × 10^−12 g/L	[45]
	Microcantilever biosensor	10^−12 mol/L	[46]
		2.31 × 10^−14 mol/L	[47]
	SPR	2 × 10^−12 g/L	[48]

HBsAb, hepatitis B surface antibody; HBsAg, hepatitis B surface antigen; HBV, hepatitis B virus; QCM, quartz crystal microbalance; SAW, surface acoustic wave; SPR, surface plasmon resonance.

This table adapted from [39] with copyright permission.

Table 2. Showing several applications of gold nanoparticles as biosensors to detecting other pathogens.

Method	Types of nanoparticles	Targets
Colorimetric/scanometric	Gold	SNP (rs2131877) in human DNA [50] Mutations in EGFR gene in genomic DNA [51] SNPs in β-thalassemia gene in genomic DNA—mediated by PCR [52] Hepatitis C virus RNA [53] BCR-ABL fusion transcript in clinical samples [54]
Fluorescence-based	Gold	Plasmodium falciparum heat shock protein in infected blood cultures [55]
Electric/Electrochemical	Gold	Human and mouse IgG antibody in human and mouse serum [56] Interleukin-8 (IL-8) cancer biomarker in human serum [57] Interleukin-6 (IL-6) cancer biomarker in calf serum [58] Tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) in human serum [59] Anti-hepatitis B virus antibodies and human IgG in human serum [60]
SERS (surface-enhanced Raman scattering)	Gold	Nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NAADP) [61] in cell extracts Multiple pathogen DNA in clinical specimens [62]
NIR (near infrared region)	Gold	Lymph nodes in mouse [63] Brain vessels in mouse [64] HER2 cancer biomarker in breast adenocarcinoma cells [65]

Table 3. Showing various applications of gold nanorods as DNA biosensors.

The analytical methods of DNA detection	Linear range/nmol/L	LODa/nmol/L	Real sample	References
Gold-nanorod-based sensing of sequence specific HIV-1 virus DNA by using hyper-Rayleigh scattering spectroscopy	0.1–50	0.10
Monitoring human telomere DNA hybridization and G-quadruplex formation using gold nanorods	13.4–67	4.47
One-step lable-free optical genosensing system for sequence-specific DNA related to the human immunodeficiency virus based on the measurements of light scattering signals of gold nanorods	0.17–11.67	0.080	HIV-1 LTR real sample
A gold nanorod-based optical DNA biosensor for the diagnosis of pathogens	0.25–75	0.083	Human urine sample
A gold nanorods–based fluorescent biosensor for the detection of hepatitis B virus DNA based on fluorescence resonance energy transfer	0.045–6	0.015	Human urine sample

This table adapted from [66] with copyright permission.

Figure 1. Gold nanoparticle-based assay to detect hepatitis C virus RNA. In hepatitis C virus (HCV)-positive specimens, the fluorophore-labeled probe hybridizes to the target HCV RNA and fluorescence is be detected. In addition, the color of the solution will change from red to blue, owing to the aggregation of AuNPs (a qualitative colorimetric signal indicating the presence of HCV RNA). AuNP, gold nanoparticle; NSET, nanoparticle surface-energy transfer. This image adapted from [26] with copyright permission.

Figure 2. Showing pictorial representation of the synthesis of antibody-functionalized AuNRs and the detection mechanism for the biosensor immunoassay in capturing targets in different matrixes. This image adapted from [29] with copyright permission. AuNRs, gold nano-rods.

Figure 3. Showing transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images of the synthesized gold nano-rods (AuNRs) and TEM images of FAM-ssDNA–CTAB–AuNRs conjugates before (a) and after hybridization with cDNA (b) at 37 °C. The color of spectrum of fluorescein (FAM)-ssDNA–cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB)–AuNRs conjugates changes from red to light purple (c). Red denotes the color of ternary complexes and light purple denotes the color after hybridization with target DNA. This image adapted from [11] with copyright permission.

Figure 4. Showing step-by-step preparation of the immune sensor using AuNP. This image adapted from [37] with copyright permission. AuNP, gold nanoparticle.

Figure 5. Showing DPV curves of the immunosensor after incubating with various concentrations of HBsAg in 0.1 M pH 5.5 acetate buffer solution. This image adapted from [37] with copyright permission. DPV, differential pulse voltammetry; HBsAg, hepatitis B virus surface antigen.

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