Pain management using nanotechnology approaches

Figures & data

Figure 1. New generation nanocarriers for nanomedicine. These nanocarriers must be nontoxic, environmentally friendly, which are produced from natural resources and earth-abundant raw materials, in order to be cost effective. Silica and silica-based nanoparticles, and in addition copper-based (e.g. copper sulfide) and zinc-based (e.g. zinc oxide) nanostructures are product of earth-abundant materials, with low cost and environmentally friendly. Agro-materials, for instance guar gum which is a nonionic natural polysaccharide got from the seeds of Cyamopsis tetragonolobus, give a chance to make nanoparticles using resources indigenous to a region. A nanoparticle formulation of guar gum has been utilized for controlled release of tamoxifen citrate, used for the treatment of estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer [59]. Green materials refer to materials produced by environmentally friendly green chemistry. Numerous nanomaterials are produced in organic solvents, which might be toxic. In this way, aqueous solvent based synthetic chemistry is desirable.

Table 1. Nanocarriers and their biopharmaceutical characteristics.

	Formulation system	Route	Observed pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics in vivo	References
Dendrimers
Doxorubicin	Polylysine dendrimer	IV	Prolonged systemic exposure Enhanced accumulation in tumor tissues	[77]
Nobiletin	Nanosized amorphous particles	Oral	Improved oral bioavailability and hepatoprotection	[78]
Inhalable dry emulsions	Pulmonary		Enhanced anti-inflammatory effects in lung	[79]
Halofantrine	Self-emulsifying drug delivery system	Oral	Improved oral bioavailability	[80]
Simvastatin	Self-emulsifying drug delivery system	Oral	Improved oral bioavailability	[81]
Cytarabine/daunorubicin	Liposome (DSPC/DSPG/Chol)	IV	Decreased clearance	[82]
Paclitaxel	Block copolymeric micelles	IV	Increased systemic exposure, decreased clearance	[83]
Tranilast	Self-micellizing solid dispersion	Oral	Improved oral bioavailability	[34]
Polymeric nanoparticles
Celecoxib	Ethyl cellulose/casein nanoparticles	Oral	Improved oral bioavailability	[36]
Docetaxel	PLA-PEG nanoparticles	IV	Extended half-life, enhanced antitumor effect	[39]
Insulin	Hydrogel nanoparticles	Oral	Improved oral bioavailability	[38]
Paclitaxel	Albumin nanoparticles	IV	Low inter-/intrapatient variability, tumor targeting	[35]
siRNA	Chitosan analog nanoparticles	Oral	Improved systemic distribution and gene silencing	[37]
VIP derivative	PLGA nanoparticles	Pulmonary	Enhanced anti-inflammatory effects	[84]

Figure 2. A proposed component of MNP-prompt macrophage enrollment into neuronal tissues [1]. Exposure to cytotoxic MNPs empowered the arrangement of ROS in occupant cells [2]. ROS advances articulation and arrival of proinflammatory cytokines, for instance, TNF-α. Through its two receptors (TNFR), TNF-α enacts p38 and ERK mitogen-actuated protein kinases pathways to [3] initiate the outflow of lattice metalloproteinases (MMPs) in its idle, ace-MMP shape. Likewise [4], ROS can straightly forwardly advance MMP enactment from professional shape. MMPs are the main chemicals in the body equipped for corrupting blood-cerebrum and blood-nerve boundaries (BBB/BNB), which [5] advances penetration of coursing macrophages (mΦ) into neuronal tissues. MNP size and surface science decide the instruments and the objectives cells of MNP disguise, and in addition degree of neurotoxicity of MNPs.

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