Evaluation of Pistia stratiotes fractions as effective larvicide against Anopheles mosquitoes

Figures & data

Figure 1. Larvicidal activity of ethyl acetate fractions against Anopheles mosquitoes larvae.

Table 1. Physical properties of fractions of ethyl acetate extract.

Fraction	Amount ( ml)	Colour	Texture	Odour
A	80	Dark brown	Oily	Odourless
B	50	Orange	Smooth	Odourless
C	100	Dark brown	Smooth	Tea smell
D	75.50	Light brown	Smooth	Fishy smell
E	150	Blue black	Sticky	Odourless
F	60	Dirty green	Smooth	Odourless
G	40.10	Dirty green	Smooth	Odourless
H	30.50	Light green	Smooth	Odourless
I	21	Light green	Smooth	Odourless

Figure 2. Larvicidal effect of fractions of P. stratiotes on A. salina.

Figure 3. Larvicidal effect of fractions of P. stratiotes and ethyl acetate fractions on A. salina and Anopheles mosquitoes, respectively.

Table 2. Qualitative preliminary phytochemical screening of fractions of P. stratiotes.

Fractions	Alk	Fla	Tan	Phl	Gly	Res	Sap
A	+	++	–	+	–	–	–
B	+	–	–	+	++	–	–
C	+++	+++	–	–	++	–	–
D	+	++	–	–	++	–	–
E	+++	++	–	+	–	–	–
F	++	–	–	+	++	–	–
G	+++	–	–	–	++	–	–
H	++	+	–	+	–	–	–
I	+	–	–	+	+	–	–
KEY:

–: not detected; +: trace; ++: moderate constituent; +++: large constituent; Alk: alkaloid; Fla: flavonoid; Res: resin; Sap: saponin; Gly: glycosides; Tan: tannin; Phl: phlobatannin.

Table 3. Chemical constituents present in fraction E (lowest LC₅₀) using GC-MS analyses.

Retention time (min)	Peak area%	Name of compound	Molecular formular	Molecular weight (g/mol)
8.348	0.27	Ethene, (methylsulfonyl)	C2H6O2S	94.128
10.437	0.04	Carbonic acid	H2CO3	62.03
11.536	0.01	Azetidine, 1-chloro-	C3H6ClN	91.538
12.085	0.02	Cyclohexene-1,1-dimethanol	C8H14O2	142.198
12.891	0.01	Propane, 2-chloro	C3H7Cl	78.54
14.759	0.01	2-Butenal, 2-ethenyl	C6H8O	76.1271
15.126	0.01	Carbonic acid, isohexyl propyl ester	C9H18O3	174.24
15.456	0.01	Heptyl propyl carbonate	C4H8O3	104.105
17.800	0.00	1,6-Octadiene, 5,7-dimethyl-, (R)-	C10H18	138.2499
20.841	0.01	4-Cyclopentene-1,3diol	C5H8O2	100.117
21.097	0.01	1,6-Heptadiene	C7H12	96.173
22.160	0.01	5-Cyano-1-pentene	C6H9N	95.1424
23.112	0.01	3-Heptyne	C7H12	96.173
23.772	0.01	Chloromethyl 7-chlorododecanoate	C42H42N28O14	1162.98
31.465	0.01	Dichloroacetic acid	C2H2Cl2O2	128.936
33.297	0.02	7,11-Hexadecadienal	C16H28O	236.399
33.920	0.01	1-Hexacosanol	C26H54O	382.717
I33.945	0.01	9-Octadecenal	C18H34O	266.469
35.495	0.03	1-(1-Butyny) cyclopentanol	C5H10O	86.134
36.411	0.01	2-Methyl-Z,Z-3,13-0ctadecadienol	C19H36O	280.488
38.316	0.06	Octanoic acid, 4-pentadecyl ester	C23H46O2	354.619
3s8.939	0.01	9,12-octadecadienoyl chloride, (Z,Z)	C18H31ClO	298.895
39.598	0.01	Cyclopentaneundecanoic acid	C16H30O2	254.414
40.001	0.01	9-Oxabicyclo(6.1.0) nonane	C8H14O	126.199
40.844	0.01	Pentafluoropropionic acid	C3HF5O2	164.031
41.100	0.06	Bromoacetic acid, tetradecyl ester	C16H31BrO2	335.326
43.445	0.02	17-Octadecynoic acid	C18H32O2	280.452
44.251	0.01	4-Nonyne	C9H16	124.227
47.438	0.02	1,15-Pentadecanediol	C15H32O2	244.419
48.317	0.05	Phthalic acid, cyclohexylmethyl propyl ester	C18H24O4	304.386
49.966	0.01	E-2-Tetradecen-1-ol	C14H28O	212.377
51.614	0.02	2H-1,4-Benzoxazin-3(4H)-one	C8H7NO2	149.149
55.717	0.03	9-Borabicyclo(3.3.1)nonane, 9- hydroxy-	C8H14B	121.010
60.663	0.04	9,12-Octadecadienal	C18H32O	264.453
61.029	0.07	Tributyl acetylcitrate	C20H34O8	402.484